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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kepler-Gleichung</span></h1>
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<p>Die <b>Kepler-Gleichung</b> beschreibt in der Astronomie den Zusammenhang zwischen der <i>exzentrischen <a href="Anomalie_(Astronomie)" title="Anomalie (Astronomie)">Anomalie</a></i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> und der <i>mittleren Anomalie</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span>, die in der Gleichung die Zeit repräsentiert.
</p><p><a href="Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a> hat die Gleichung aus seinen beobachtungsbasierten <a href="Keplersche_Gesetze" title="Keplersche Gesetze">keplerschen Gesetzen</a> hergeleitet. Sie lautet für elliptischen Bahnen mit der <a href="Exzentrizit%C3%A4t_(Astronomie)" title="Exzentrizität (Astronomie)">numerischen Exzentrizität</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>e</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cd253103f0876afc68ebead27a5aa9867d927467.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E-e\sin E=M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E-e\sin E=M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/21d50c55fb58641c184e6793ee1878f1c9f82d07.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:16.646ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E-e\sin E=M}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Die <i>mittlere Anomalie</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> ist dabei eine Winkelgröße, welche eine normalisierte Zeit repräsentiert und über die Gleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M=2\pi {\frac {t}{T}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M=2\pi {\frac {t}{T}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1de100d8ddff66590ad45c12087f443652e23f86.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:10.508ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M=2\pi {\frac {t}{T}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit der Zeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span> (Passage der Periapsis bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/43469ec032d858feae5aa87029e22eaaf0109e9c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.101ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t=0}" loading="lazy"></span>) und der Periodendauer <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span> eines Umlaufs verknüpft ist.<sup id="cite_ref-WS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Die <i>exzentrische Anomalie</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> ist eine Zwischengröße zur Berechnung der <i>wahren Anomalie</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span>, der Winkelkoordinate der Position eines Himmelskörpers bezogen auf den Zentralkörper.
</p><p>Zwischen <i>exzentrischer Anomalie</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> und <i>wahrer Anomalie</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> besteht der Zusammenhang<sup id="cite_ref-SW_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tan {\frac {V}{2}}={\sqrt {\frac {1+e}{1-e}}}\tan {\frac {E}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>V</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>E</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tan {\frac {V}{2}}={\sqrt {\frac {1+e}{1-e}}}\tan {\frac {E}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a3ad96ec4ca0ed8511e1d6da6306e546720266a8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:24.46ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tan {\frac {V}{2}}={\sqrt {\frac {1+e}{1-e}}}\tan {\frac {E}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Die geometrische Bedeutung dieser beiden Winkelkoordinaten ist in der nebenstehenden Grafik dargestellt. Dabei ist:
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}" loading="lazy"></span> die Position des Himmelskörpers auf der elliptischen Umlaufbahn mit dem Perihel in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> um den Zentralkörper <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> die <i>wahre Anomalie</i>. Diese gibt den Winkel an, den der Himmelskörper <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}" loading="lazy"></span> aus Sicht des Zentralkörpers <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}" loading="lazy"></span> relativ zum Perihel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> einnimmt.</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> die <i>exzentrische Anomalie</i>, von Kepler als <i>Exzentrische</i> bezeichnet. Sie bemisst den Winkel zwischen der Periapsislinie und der Radiuslinie des Umkreises, der die Projektion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P^{'}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi></mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P^{'}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/63d4392375aacb27b3cefa4126184eac82c2e213.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.585ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P^{'}}" loading="lazy"></span> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}" loading="lazy"></span> auf den Umkreis parallel zur kleinen Ellipsenachse schneidet.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geometrische_Begründung_der_Kepler-Gleichung"><span id="Geometrische_Begr.C3.BCndung_der_Kepler-Gleichung"></span>Geometrische Begründung der Kepler-Gleichung</h2></div>
<p>Zur Begründung der Kepler-Gleichung berechnet man die vom Fahrstrahl überstrichene Fläche <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> und verwendet das zweite Keplersche Gesetz.
</p><p>Die Fläche <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span> innerhalb des Winkels <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> (wahre Anomalie) und der Ellipse ist die Differenz des Ellipsensektors und des Dreiecks mit den Eckpunkten S, Z und P.
</p><p>Eine <a href="Ellipse" title="Ellipse">Ellipse</a> mit den Halbachsen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}" loading="lazy"></span> kann man als einen gestauchten Umkreis auffassen (<a href="Affinit%C3%A4t_(Mathematik)" title="Affinität (Mathematik)">Affinität</a>), bei dem die Strecken parallel zur kleinen Halbachse um den <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {b}{a}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {b}{a}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2fe57b48d5ecb0ffb15021231156bfab5eacdd54.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:1.706ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {b}{a}}}" loading="lazy"></span> Faktor verkürzt sind. Flächen sind ebenfalls um diesen Faktor verkleinert. Der <a href="Kreissektor" title="Kreissektor">Kreissektor</a> mit dem Winkel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> hat die Fläche <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}a^{2}E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}a^{2}E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/69e774c32c0093c6d3929c1b01053855cfdeb921.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:5.718ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}a^{2}E}" loading="lazy"></span>. Gestaucht um den Faktor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {b}{a}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {b}{a}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2fe57b48d5ecb0ffb15021231156bfab5eacdd54.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:1.706ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {b}{a}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt sich der Ellipsensektor. Das Dreieck mit den Eckpunkten S, Z und P' hat die Basislänge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ea}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ea}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9346c2c6858cdc0634af69307e7f6168d4ba821a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.313ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ea}" loading="lazy"></span> und die Höhe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a\sin E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a\sin E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d7a60778829b8402cd49109d0faeb7dcb0b71422.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.635ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a\sin E}" loading="lazy"></span>. Gestaucht um den Faktor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {b}{a}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {b}{a}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2fe57b48d5ecb0ffb15021231156bfab5eacdd54.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:1.706ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {b}{a}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt sich das Dreieck mit den Eckpunkten S, Z und P und der Höhe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b\sin E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b\sin E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2250156062076d3ee2b156b7084dc506eeacdef1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.403ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b\sin E}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Somit ist die Differenzfläche als Funktion von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A(E)={\frac {b}{a}}{\frac {1}{2}}a^{2}E-{\frac {1}{2}}ea\cdot b\sin E={\frac {ab}{2}}(E-e\sin E)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A(E)={\frac {b}{a}}{\frac {1}{2}}a^{2}E-{\frac {1}{2}}ea\cdot b\sin E={\frac {ab}{2}}(E-e\sin E)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/25cbcd42ef719b08f9116a6202a954b9c19ca866.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:50.861ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A(E)={\frac {b}{a}}{\frac {1}{2}}a^{2}E-{\frac {1}{2}}ea\cdot b\sin E={\frac {ab}{2}}(E-e\sin E)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Nach dem zweiten keplerschen Gesetz werden in gleichen Zeitabschnitten gleich große Flächen überstrichen. Dies lässt sich auch damit formulieren, dass die Fläche zur Zeit proportional ist und linear zunimmt (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A\propto t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>∝<!-- ∝ --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A\propto t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ddb509ce67adaa449d8bebd65b58347015963e59.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.681ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A\propto t}" loading="lazy"></span>).
</p><p>Die Differenzfläche <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span>, die mit der zur wahren Anomalie gehörenden Teilfläche der Ellipse identisch ist, lautet als Funktion der Zeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A(t)=\pi ab{\frac {t}{T}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A(t)=\pi ab{\frac {t}{T}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2cf711f7394bc73500af8b5a19479b91cb09f25b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:13.522ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A(t)=\pi ab{\frac {t}{T}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Dabei ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi ab}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi ab}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e49e097530aa054f7782fc7de33b0a60418ff964.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.559ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi ab}" loading="lazy"></span> die volle Ellipsenfläche, die nach der Umlaufzeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span> überstrichen ist. Gleichsetzen von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0c0905fbce73d8bde912fb882c351e336ab56cca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.392ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A(E)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A(E)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e28fcc9458be3f8a7ea313fab29919600e6c3af8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.328ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A(E)}" loading="lazy"></span> liefert die Beziehung zwischen der exzentrischen Anomalie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> und der Zeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi ab{\frac {t}{T}}={\frac {ab}{2}}(E-e\sin E)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi ab{\frac {t}{T}}={\frac {ab}{2}}(E-e\sin E)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a62bf54cd8466e0a6982d19fbd291c2dabf83ea9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:25.108ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi ab{\frac {t}{T}}={\frac {ab}{2}}(E-e\sin E)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und nach Kürzen ergibt sich die Kepler-Gleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2\pi {\frac {t}{T}}=E-e\sin E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2\pi {\frac {t}{T}}=E-e\sin E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6fea16269bc15e8e9308ed6d59543cf52748a951.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:19.17ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2\pi {\frac {t}{T}}=E-e\sin E}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wobei man die linke Seite als mittlere Anomalie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> oder "normierte Zeit"<sup id="cite_ref-WS_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bezeichnet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Das_zweite_keplersche_Gesetz,_das_newtonsche_Gravitationsgesetz_und_die_Drehimpulserhaltung"><span id="Das_zweite_keplersche_Gesetz.2C_das_newtonsche_Gravitationsgesetz_und_die_Drehimpulserhaltung"></span>Das zweite keplersche Gesetz, das newtonsche Gravitationsgesetz und die Drehimpulserhaltung</h2></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Keplersche_Gesetze#Zweites_Keplersches_Gesetz_(Flächensatz)" title="Keplersche Gesetze">Keplersche_Gesetze#Zweites_Keplersches_Gesetz_(Flächensatz)</a>, <a href="Newtonsches_Gravitationsgesetz" title="Newtonsches Gravitationsgesetz">Newtonsches Gravitationsgesetz</a> und <a href="Drehimpulserhaltung" class="mw-redirect" title="Drehimpulserhaltung">Drehimpulserhaltung</a></i></div>
<p>Die Keplergleichung beruht auf dem zweiten keplerschen Gesetz, welches von im gleichen Kontext (<a href="Zweik%C3%B6rperproblem" title="Zweikörperproblem">Zweikörperproblem</a>) angewendeten <a href="Newtonsches_Gravitationsgesetz" title="Newtonsches Gravitationsgesetz">newtonschen Gravitationsgesetz</a> bestätigt wird:
</p>
<dl><dd><ul><li>Die zwischen den beiden Körpern wirkende <a href="Gravitationskraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitationskraft">Gravitationskraft</a> ist demnach zum gegenseitigen Abstand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1/r^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1/r^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e752f4949f6d1d2e5dff0a38f696e62c4e315a09.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.428ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1/r^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> proportional.</li></ul></dd></dl>
<p>Diese physikalische Aussage deckt sich also mit dem für eine elliptische Bahn (erstes keplersches Gesetz) durch Beobachtungen gefundenen <i>Flächensatz</i> (zweites keplersche Gesetz):
</p>
<dl><dd><ul><li>Die von einem Fahrstrahl in gleichen Zeitdifferenzen überstrichenen Flächen sind gleich groß, wenn der zur Gravitationskraft proportionale, in einer dieser Zeitdifferenzen zurückgelegte Bahnbogen im umgekehren Verhältnis zum Quadrat des Abstandes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> steht.</li></ul></dd></dl>
<p>Das <a href="Keplersche_Gesetze#Zweites_Keplersches_Gesetz_(Flächensatz)" title="Keplersche Gesetze">zweite keplersche Gesetz</a> war die erste Formulierung des Gesetzes, das wir heute als <a href="Drehimpulserhaltung" class="mw-redirect" title="Drehimpulserhaltung">Drehimpulserhaltung</a> kennen:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wenn keine äußeren Kräfte wirken, bleibt der <a href="Drehimpuls" title="Drehimpuls">Drehimpuls</a> in einem physikalischen System unverändert, unabhängig von Änderungen der Wechselwirkung innerhalb. Wird nämlich der Abstand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> eines Planeten von seinem Zentralkörper und damit sein <a href="Tr%C3%A4gheitsmoment" title="Trägheitsmoment">Trägheitsmoment</a> größer/kleiner, so verkleinert/vergrößert sich entsprechend seine Umlaufgeschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48eff443f9de7a985bb94ca3bde20813ea737be8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega }" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lösungs-Methoden_der_Keplergleichung"><span id="L.C3.B6sungs-Methoden_der_Keplergleichung"></span>Lösungs-Methoden der Keplergleichung</h2></div>
<p>Die Kepler-Gleichung ist nicht in geschlossener Form nach der exzentrischen Anomalie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bf5be62d9f63f5df52e8bc156f950d41e131d99f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.425ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> auflösbar. Beispiele dafür, wie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bf5be62d9f63f5df52e8bc156f950d41e131d99f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.425ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> mit ihr aus der mittleren Anomalie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M(t)=2\pi {\frac {t-t_{P}}{T}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>P</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mi>T</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M(t)=2\pi {\frac {t-t_{P}}{T}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3fc48163d586014ed7a3145a411edb5569501833.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:17.506ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M(t)=2\pi {\frac {t-t_{P}}{T}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ermittelt werden kann:
</p>
<ol>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E-M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E-M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c2a0ffa225f4f6bb3dc12fa91d70f90ee403db5b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:7.058ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E-M}" loading="lazy"></span> ist eine ungerade, mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2\pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2\pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/73efd1f6493490b058097060a572606d2c550a06.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.494ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2\pi }" loading="lazy"></span> periodische Funktion in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span>. Als solche lässt sie sich in eine <a href="Fourierreihe" title="Fourierreihe">Fourierreihe</a> entwickeln, die für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M\in \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M\in \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f4524e7e5810076a90447eddce020ccb45bb8db0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.961ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M\in \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e\in \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>e</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e\in \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d8d1897527cba5a84e60ec9979c357749fe7a55f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.602ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e\in \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span> konvergiert, und zwar ist
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F(M):=E-M=e\sin(E)=2\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {J_{n}(ne)}{n}}\sin(nM)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F(M):=E-M=e\sin(E)=2\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {J_{n}(ne)}{n}}\sin(nM)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6ed1d88ce0aef171969ad2ce414d7896cc8b31f0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:52.717ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F(M):=E-M=e\sin(E)=2\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {J_{n}(ne)}{n}}\sin(nM)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/22b79b47e08e4e16510d309639ef56a24c28696c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.509ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> als <a href="Besselsche_Differentialgleichung#Bessel-Funktion_erster_Gattung" class="mw-redirect" title="Besselsche Differentialgleichung">Bessel-Funktion erster Gattung</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-ter Ordnung.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br>
</li><li>Eine <a href="Nullstelle" title="Nullstelle">Nullstelle</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> der Funktion
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(E)=E-e\sin(E)-M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(E)=E-e\sin(E)-M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/293e2e93dda55897a2afef0ddb253b7ea3736044.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.772ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(E)=E-e\sin(E)-M}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
ist eine Lösung der Keplergleichung.
Die Nullstelle kann etwa mit dem <a href="Newton-Verfahren" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton-Verfahren">Newton-Verfahren</a> wie folgt numerisch berechnet werden:
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{n+1}=E_{n}-{\frac {f(E_{n})}{f'(E_{n})}}=E_{n}-{\frac {E_{n}-e\sin(E_{n})-M}{1-e\cos(E_{n})}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{n+1}=E_{n}-{\frac {f(E_{n})}{f'(E_{n})}}=E_{n}-{\frac {E_{n}-e\sin(E_{n})-M}{1-e\cos(E_{n})}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/46d104990a9bebf204bcf6aaa3e641b8c184c7b6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:51.326ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{n+1}=E_{n}-{\frac {f(E_{n})}{f'(E_{n})}}=E_{n}-{\frac {E_{n}-e\sin(E_{n})-M}{1-e\cos(E_{n})}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
Für die meisten elliptischen Bahnen ist der Anfangswert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{0}=M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{0}=M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/21359a853a5c50bf9a7ed34ba82d5e6ed364d029.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.31ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{0}=M}" loading="lazy"></span> geeignet.
Für Exzentrizitäten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0{,}8<e<1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>8</mn>
<mo><</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo><</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0{,}8<e<1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7cd7a59940c7053ea87732a66115bed6bc1211c4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.415ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0{,}8<e<1}" loading="lazy"></span> kann <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{0}=\pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{0}=\pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/71713ca27f23b306e10299dfd523bae6084cf0b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.2ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{0}=\pi }" loading="lazy"></span> genommen werden.
</li><li>Ein <a href="Stabilit%C3%A4t_(Numerik)" title="Stabilität (Numerik)">stabileres</a>, aber <a href="Grenzwert_(Folge)" title="Grenzwert (Folge)">langsamer konvergierendes</a> Verfahren beruht auf dem <a href="Fixpunktsatz_von_Banach" title="Fixpunktsatz von Banach">banachschen Fixpunktsatz</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{0}=M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{0}=M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/21359a853a5c50bf9a7ed34ba82d5e6ed364d029.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.31ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{0}=M}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{n+1}=M+e\sin(E_{n})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{n+1}=M+e\sin(E_{n})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8e0108fe9d1ad4825dc33754e562797e462df6c6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.485ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{n+1}=M+e\sin(E_{n})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
</li><li>Für kleine Exzentrizität <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>e</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cd253103f0876afc68ebead27a5aa9867d927467.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e}" loading="lazy"></span> kann <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> auch folgendermaßen <a href="Approximation" title="Approximation">approximiert</a> werden:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=M+e\sin(M)+{\frac {1}{2}}e^{2}\sin(2M)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=M+e\sin(M)+{\frac {1}{2}}e^{2}\sin(2M)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bb09df8933be449fe9ceae76605b8d247ebb5391.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:34.368ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=M+e\sin(M)+{\frac {1}{2}}e^{2}\sin(2M)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
Der <a href="Fehler" title="Fehler">Fehler</a> ist hierbei von der Größenordnung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}(e^{3})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">O</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}(e^{3})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cf219b6df10ec2650e5d858388fc1c12e1c08c28.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.797ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}(e^{3})}" loading="lazy"></span>. Bei der <a href="Erde" title="Erde">Erde</a> und ihrer Exzentrizität <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e=0{,}0167}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>e</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0,016</mn>
<mn>7</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e=0{,}0167}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/de97293bc1ddfa5195b1a3addcda2b6f6fb394f8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.641ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e=0{,}0167}" loading="lazy"></span> liegt der Fehler für begrenzte Zeiträume hinter der 5. <a href="Kommastelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Kommastelle">Kommastelle</a>.
</li><li>Eine Auflösung für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e<1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>e</mi>
<mo><</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e<1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2c702b141b56e60fdcb2c72832b2dcf0484607af.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.344ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e<1}" loading="lazy"></span> nach Art der <a href="Lagrangesche_Inversionsformel" title="Lagrangesche Inversionsformel">Lagrangeschen Inversionsformel</a> ist die <a href="Maclaurin-Reihe" class="mw-redirect" title="Maclaurin-Reihe">Maclaurin-Reihe</a> in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span>
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}E={\frac {1}{1-e}}\cdot M&-{\frac {e}{(1-e)^{4}}}\cdot {\frac {M^{3}}{3!}}+{\frac {(e+9e^{2})}{(1-e)^{7}}}\cdot {\frac {M^{5}}{5!}}-{\frac {(e+54e^{2}+225e^{3})}{(1-e)^{10}}}\cdot {\frac {M^{7}}{7!}}\\&+{\frac {(e+243e^{2}+4131e^{3}+11025e^{4})}{(1-e)^{13}}}{\frac {M^{9}}{9!}}-{\frac {(e+1008e^{2}+50166e^{3}+457200e^{4}+893025e^{5})}{(1-e)^{16}}}\cdot {\frac {M^{11}}{{11}!}}\\&+{\frac {(e+4077e^{2}+520218e^{3}+11708154e^{4}+70301925e^{5}+108056025e^{6})}{(1-e)^{19}}}\cdot {\frac {M^{13}}{{13}!}}\mp \cdots \end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>M</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
<mo>!</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>9</mn>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>7</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo>!</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>54</mn>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>225</mn>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>10</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>7</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mn>7</mn>
<mo>!</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>243</mn>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>4131</mn>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>11025</mn>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>13</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>9</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mn>9</mn>
<mo>!</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1008</mn>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>50166</mn>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>457200</mn>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>893025</mn>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>16</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>11</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>11</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>!</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>4077</mn>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>520218</mn>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>11708154</mn>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>70301925</mn>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>5</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>108056025</mn>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>6</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>19</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>13</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>13</mn>
</mrow>
<mo>!</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>∓<!-- ∓ --></mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}E={\frac {1}{1-e}}\cdot M&-{\frac {e}{(1-e)^{4}}}\cdot {\frac {M^{3}}{3!}}+{\frac {(e+9e^{2})}{(1-e)^{7}}}\cdot {\frac {M^{5}}{5!}}-{\frac {(e+54e^{2}+225e^{3})}{(1-e)^{10}}}\cdot {\frac {M^{7}}{7!}}\\&+{\frac {(e+243e^{2}+4131e^{3}+11025e^{4})}{(1-e)^{13}}}{\frac {M^{9}}{9!}}-{\frac {(e+1008e^{2}+50166e^{3}+457200e^{4}+893025e^{5})}{(1-e)^{16}}}\cdot {\frac {M^{11}}{{11}!}}\\&+{\frac {(e+4077e^{2}+520218e^{3}+11708154e^{4}+70301925e^{5}+108056025e^{6})}{(1-e)^{19}}}\cdot {\frac {M^{13}}{{13}!}}\mp \cdots \end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/18175528f4d51abc900f8f3753183f978436c175.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -9.326ex; margin-bottom: -0.178ex; width:113.295ex; height:20.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}E={\frac {1}{1-e}}\cdot M&-{\frac {e}{(1-e)^{4}}}\cdot {\frac {M^{3}}{3!}}+{\frac {(e+9e^{2})}{(1-e)^{7}}}\cdot {\frac {M^{5}}{5!}}-{\frac {(e+54e^{2}+225e^{3})}{(1-e)^{10}}}\cdot {\frac {M^{7}}{7!}}\\&+{\frac {(e+243e^{2}+4131e^{3}+11025e^{4})}{(1-e)^{13}}}{\frac {M^{9}}{9!}}-{\frac {(e+1008e^{2}+50166e^{3}+457200e^{4}+893025e^{5})}{(1-e)^{16}}}\cdot {\frac {M^{11}}{{11}!}}\\&+{\frac {(e+4077e^{2}+520218e^{3}+11708154e^{4}+70301925e^{5}+108056025e^{6})}{(1-e)^{19}}}\cdot {\frac {M^{13}}{{13}!}}\mp \cdots \end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
die für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |M|<\cosh ^{-1}(e^{-1})-{\sqrt {1-e^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo><</mo>
<msup>
<mi>cosh</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |M|<\cosh ^{-1}(e^{-1})-{\sqrt {1-e^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/02ec2da3187d6ff843568a7077d43f49067e639d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:30.101ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |M|<\cosh ^{-1}(e^{-1})-{\sqrt {1-e^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Konvergenzgeschwindigkeit" title="Konvergenzgeschwindigkeit">linear</a> konvergiert.
Ist also <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\leq e<0{,}031803066}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo><</mo>
<mn>0,031</mn>
<mn>803066</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\leq e<0{,}031803066}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b59f5d9650773607dbc14bc867585e5cca01b9d1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:20.714ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\leq e<0{,}031803066}" loading="lazy"></span>, dann konvergiert sie für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |M|\leq \pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |M|\leq \pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dbd99e5e087a5c6f6c0dac27a6f6371708b5e123.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.166ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |M|\leq \pi }" loading="lazy"></span> linear.<br>Die Koeffizienten der Zähler-Polynome in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>e</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cd253103f0876afc68ebead27a5aa9867d927467.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e}" loading="lazy"></span> sind in der Folge <a href="https://oeis.org/A306557" class="extiw external" title="oeis:A306557">A306557</a> in <a href="On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences" title="On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences">OEIS</a> festgehalten.
</li></ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rechnen_mit_der_Kepler-Gleichung">Rechnen mit der Kepler-Gleichung</h2></div>
<p><span id="Wahre_Anomalie"></span>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mittlere_Anomalie_>>>_wahre_Anomalie"><span id="Mittlere_Anomalie_.3E.3E.3E_wahre_Anomalie"></span>Mittlere Anomalie >>> wahre Anomalie</h3></div>
<p>Für einen Himmelskörper auf einer <a href="Keplerbahn" title="Keplerbahn">Keplerbahn</a> soll für den Zeitpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span> beziehungsweise für die zugehörige mittlere Anomalie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fec7adc70ea0e1d365e5f7244b6f7ddad9fbf485.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.091ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> der Ort beziehungsweise die wahre Anomalie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/383b47023708ac9df0e198448491048ec7acb2cf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.436ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> ermittelt werden:
</p><p>Mit Hilfe der Kepler-Gleichung wird aus der mittleren Anomalie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fec7adc70ea0e1d365e5f7244b6f7ddad9fbf485.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.091ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> zuerst die exzentrische Anomalie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bf5be62d9f63f5df52e8bc156f950d41e131d99f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.425ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> ermittelt (siehe oben). Aus Letzterer folgt die wahre Anomalie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/383b47023708ac9df0e198448491048ec7acb2cf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.436ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> nach einer der folgenden Beziehungen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tan \left({\frac {V}{2}}\right)={\sqrt {\frac {1+e}{1-e}}}\tan \left({\frac {E}{2}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>V</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>E</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tan \left({\frac {V}{2}}\right)={\sqrt {\frac {1+e}{1-e}}}\tan \left({\frac {E}{2}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6a4f3ff8f44db0880a57519c9e856c3f0e5d24c1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:30.528ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tan \left({\frac {V}{2}}\right)={\sqrt {\frac {1+e}{1-e}}}\tan \left({\frac {E}{2}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span><sup id="cite_ref-SW_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>
<p>oder
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \cos(V)={\frac {a\cos(E)-ae}{a-ae\cos(E)}}={\frac {\cos(E)-e}{1-e\cos(E)}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \cos(V)={\frac {a\cos(E)-ae}{a-ae\cos(E)}}={\frac {\cos(E)-e}{1-e\cos(E)}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5772627b8d4506fb8b8ec9cedbcc21b792423a6e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:40.213ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \cos(V)={\frac {a\cos(E)-ae}{a-ae\cos(E)}}={\frac {\cos(E)-e}{1-e\cos(E)}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Hier ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ae={\sqrt {a^{2}-b^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ae={\sqrt {a^{2}-b^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/60f1ee94f52403d319c928d51c9fafa35a6bee8f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.912ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ae={\sqrt {a^{2}-b^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Lineare_Exzentrizit%C3%A4t" class="mw-redirect" title="Lineare Exzentrizität">lineare Exzentrizität</a> der Bahnellipse. <br>Zum Auflösen nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> ist jeweils eine Unterscheidung der Fälle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\leq E\leq \pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\leq E\leq \pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/392a5914f7313c8ad2f61baf000c6ba92a95e9b2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:10.467ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\leq E\leq \pi }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi \leq E\leq 2\pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi \leq E\leq 2\pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/15cea5cddcfb129e7804a0b84f0df5b759254d6f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:11.799ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi \leq E\leq 2\pi }" loading="lazy"></span> nötig.
</p><p>Anmerkung: Der Nenner der zweiten Formel gibt gerade den Abstand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> des Himmelsobjekts zum Brennpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}" loading="lazy"></span> an:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r=a-ae\cos(E)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r=a-ae\cos(E)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6ac7a11475eed83c2eed188cbc039eed6780133b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.614ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r=a-ae\cos(E)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wahre_Anomalie_>>>_mittlere_Anomalie"><span id="Wahre_Anomalie_.3E.3E.3E_mittlere_Anomalie"></span>Wahre Anomalie >>> mittlere Anomalie</h3></div>
<p>Für einen Himmelskörper auf einer Keplerbahn mit der wahren Anomalie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> soll die mittlere Anomalie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M(V)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M(V)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/334fd50180c271c5923a9425a0fc450420742e0a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.039ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M(V)}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. der zugehörende Zeitpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t(V)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t(V)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8e62a2853b49d9e588a61da440ca65a07bca9f14.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.436ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t(V)}" loading="lazy"></span> bestimmt werden.
Es handelt sich um die zur <a href="#Wahre_Anomalie">obigen</a> umgekehrte Rechenarbeit.
</p><p>Ausgehend von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt sich zuerst die exzentrische Anomalie zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=2\arctan _{\tfrac {V}{2}}\left({\sqrt {\frac {1-e}{1+e}}}\tan \left({\frac {V}{2}}\right)\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>arctan</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi>V</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>V</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=2\arctan _{\tfrac {V}{2}}\left({\sqrt {\frac {1-e}{1+e}}}\tan \left({\frac {V}{2}}\right)\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ebbcada65101237dc6d57a3efc8cd8ad5a1ebf18.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:36.681ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=2\arctan _{\tfrac {V}{2}}\left({\sqrt {\frac {1-e}{1+e}}}\tan \left({\frac {V}{2}}\right)\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Lageparameter-Index <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {V}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi>V</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {V}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3b0586864ecfdf9309ea5db3e0269a69adf735b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:2.1ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {V}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span> bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \arctan }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>arctan</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \arctan }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0e7b430086dd06a52623bbaa883d86baf9811554.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.466ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \arctan }" loading="lazy"></span> gibt denjenigen Wert des Arkustangens zurück, der diesem (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {V}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi>V</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {V}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3b0586864ecfdf9309ea5db3e0269a69adf735b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:2.1ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {V}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>) am nächsten liegt (siehe <a href="Arkustangens_und_Arkuskotangens#Arkustangens_mit_Lageparameter" title="Arkustangens und Arkuskotangens">Arkustangens mit Lageparameter</a>).
</p><p>Die Kepler-Gleichung liefert die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> zugehörige mittlere Anomalie
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M(t)=E(t)-{\frac {180^{\circ }}{\pi }}e\sin E(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mn>180</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M(t)=E(t)-{\frac {180^{\circ }}{\pi }}e\sin E(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1407492c24aebc014ec03d9c5441d76c177675e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:29.97ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M(t)=E(t)-{\frac {180^{\circ }}{\pi }}e\sin E(t)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Aus der linearen Gleichung für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fec7adc70ea0e1d365e5f7244b6f7ddad9fbf485.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.091ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> folgt schließlich der Zeitpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t=t_{0}+T{\frac {M}{360^{\circ }}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>M</mi>
<msup>
<mn>360</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t=t_{0}+T{\frac {M}{360^{\circ }}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cbf29dd509c9582c15dde0acfc01a4b0400ad498.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:15.686ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t=t_{0}+T{\frac {M}{360^{\circ }}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dt>Beispiel zu</dt>
<dd>wahre Anomalie >>> Zeitpunkt</dd></dl>
<p>Passagezeiten der vier Erdbahnellipsen-Scheitel:<br>
Die für die Erde gültigen Bahnelemente sind unter <a href="Erdbahn#Mittlere_Kepler-Elemente" title="Erdbahn">mittlere Kepler-Elemente</a> angegeben. Die im Verweisartikel verwendete Zeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span> ist in Julianischen Jahrhunderten gerechnet. Hier wird <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span> in Tagen gemessen, sodass die linearen Koeffizienten der Zeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span> durch 36525 zu teilen sind, um <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {M}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {M}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4e17d7f361e94093d5346b9d04a5d4b8c7f4d22f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {M}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {e}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {e}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cc7be5ff6c22d2bbd824fc8d38722bb4f59ed76f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.292ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {e}}}" loading="lazy"></span> zu erhalten. Die sehr langsame Änderung der numerischen Exzentrizität wird allerdings vernachlässigt (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {e}}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {e}}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d37968a92fab72ee5834c530e20da05b704d144b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.553ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {e}}=0}" loading="lazy"></span>). Der Nullpunkt der Zeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span> – und damit auch von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span> – ist der 1. Januar 2000, 12:00 <a href="Koordinierte_Weltzeit" title="Koordinierte Weltzeit">UT</a>. Die wahre Anomalie bei Perihelpassage der Erde im Jahr 2000 ist gleich 360° (nicht null!), im Jahr 2001 gleich 720° usw.
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<caption>
<b>Passagezeiten der vier Erdbahnellipsen-Scheitel</b>
</caption>
<tbody><tr class="hintergrundfarbe5">
<td>
</td>
<td>Perihel 2000
</td>
<td>Frühlings-<br>Nebenscheitel
</td>
<td>Aphel
</td>
<td>Herbst-<br>Nebenscheitel
</td>
<td>Perihel 2001
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Wahre Anomalie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V/^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V/^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/458b65992ad441a5d67564fe7b56fc5d32242008.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.004ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V/^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td>360
</td>
<td>450
</td>
<td>540
</td>
<td>630
</td>
<td>720
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Zeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t/{\text{d}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t/{\text{d}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/50af91ef57f2651b60c4e6d2b8e589f1e26755b9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.295ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t/{\text{d}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td>2,511
</td>
<td>91,883
</td>
<td>185,140
</td>
<td>278,398
</td>
<td>367,770
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Zeitabstand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta t/{\text{d}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta t/{\text{d}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ed4b05a5981abf579871a3cf30e7c88f5c777139.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.23ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta t/{\text{d}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>89,372
</td>
<td>93,258
</td>
<td>93,258
</td>
<td>89,372
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Der Abstand zwischen den mittleren Perihelpassagen (<a href="Anomalistische_Periode" title="Anomalistische Periode">anomalistisches Jahr</a>) beträgt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J_{an}={\frac {360^{\circ }}{\dot {M}}}=365{,}260\ {\text{d}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mn>360</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>365,260</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J_{an}={\frac {360^{\circ }}{\dot {M}}}=365{,}260\ {\text{d}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9dd2a2d9993b2a3c703628c9335cfd2fad407b27.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:24.448ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J_{an}={\frac {360^{\circ }}{\dot {M}}}=365{,}260\ {\text{d}}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die so berechneten mittleren Perihelzeiten können sich um mehrere Tage vom realen (vor allem mondgestörten) Wert unterscheiden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wahre_Anomalie_>>>_Bahnradius"><span id="Wahre_Anomalie_.3E.3E.3E_Bahnradius"></span>Wahre Anomalie >>> Bahnradius</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Keplerbahn" title="Keplerbahn">Keplerbahn</a></i></div>
<p>Mit der wahren Anomalie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> wird die Richtung eines Himmelskörpers auf seiner Keplerbahn für den Zeitpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span> angegeben. Die zugehörende Entfernung – der Bahnradius <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> – ist wie folgt berechenbar:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r(t)=r(V(t))=a{\frac {1-e^{2}}{1+e\cos V}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>V</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r(t)=r(V(t))=a{\frac {1-e^{2}}{1+e\cos V}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e8cf1f1b6eb05584139e0c3a2a5bcf4d30ba0dd2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:30.013ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r(t)=r(V(t))=a{\frac {1-e^{2}}{1+e\cos V}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wahre_Anomalie_>>>_Bahngeschwindigkeit"><span id="Wahre_Anomalie_.3E.3E.3E_Bahngeschwindigkeit"></span>Wahre Anomalie >>> Bahngeschwindigkeit</h3></div>
<p>Die zeitliche Änderung der wahren Anomalie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {V}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {V}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/49ef9fa9f410331b94e4578bab90e9edda5c919b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {V}}}" loading="lazy"></span> entspricht der <a href="Winkelgeschwindigkeit" title="Winkelgeschwindigkeit">Winkelgeschwindigkeit</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48eff443f9de7a985bb94ca3bde20813ea737be8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega }" loading="lazy"></span> in Bezug auf das Gravizentrum. Die <i>Normalkomponente</i> der Geschwindigkeit folgt also direkt aus
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{\perp }={\dot {V}}\cdot r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>⊥<!-- ⊥ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{\perp }={\dot {V}}\cdot r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/96b7e61f3b309c8d912aebe139051f318e1f51bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.252ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{\perp }={\dot {V}}\cdot r}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}" loading="lazy"></span> der Bahnradius ist.
</p><p>Die <i>Radialgeschwindigkeit</i> ist die Änderung des Bahnradius mit der Zeit
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{r}={\dot {r}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{r}={\dot {r}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48265e7f7b1fa8ef74f99a5d99a7d3a5f158193e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.491ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{r}={\dot {r}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Für die <i><a href="Bahngeschwindigkeit_(Astronomie)" title="Bahngeschwindigkeit (Astronomie)">Bahngeschwindigkeit</a></i> oder <i>Orbitalgeschwindigkeit</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}" loading="lazy"></span> folgt dann <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v^{2}=v_{\perp }^{2}+v_{r}^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>⊥<!-- ⊥ --></mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v^{2}=v_{\perp }^{2}+v_{r}^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a947f28f4425e19885c9de823f435c007ae22a78.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:12.941ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v^{2}=v_{\perp }^{2}+v_{r}^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v=v(V(t),r(t))=v(t)={\sqrt {({\dot {V}}r)^{2}+{\dot {r}}^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>r</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v=v(V(t),r(t))=v(t)={\sqrt {({\dot {V}}r)^{2}+{\dot {r}}^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5b0914f3fed6c528e16290eecd00ff2418b3a41c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:39.513ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v=v(V(t),r(t))=v(t)={\sqrt {({\dot {V}}r)^{2}+{\dot {r}}^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Einfacher lässt sich die Bahngeschwindigkeit über den <a href="Hodograph" title="Hodograph">Hodograph</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {r}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {r}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3d0622c7d4647179011ad0bc43548fc6abd756db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.257ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {r}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> aus dem Flächensatz ableiten:<sup id="cite_ref-Hodograph_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodograph-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v^{2}={\frac {C^{2}}{p}}\left({\frac {2}{r}}-{\frac {1}{a}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>p</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>r</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>a</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v^{2}={\frac {C^{2}}{p}}\left({\frac {2}{r}}-{\frac {1}{a}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b97833e70dc6ca33600779cd7ef730d7fc0dcb38.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:19.682ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v^{2}={\frac {C^{2}}{p}}\left({\frac {2}{r}}-{\frac {1}{a}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C\!:}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>:</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C\!:}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ef93cf8e39436d682e375b3d717166b896708d37.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.671ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C\!:}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Spezifischer_Drehimpuls" title="Spezifischer Drehimpuls">spezifischer Drehimpuls</a> als zentrale Kenngröße der Bewegung</dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C=v_{\mathrm {max} }r_{\mathrm {min} }=v_{\mathrm {min} }r_{\mathrm {max} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C=v_{\mathrm {max} }r_{\mathrm {min} }=v_{\mathrm {min} }r_{\mathrm {max} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0248924a109a940a5dbfcf2db4c52caa8eaf9ced.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:24.843ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C=v_{\mathrm {max} }r_{\mathrm {min} }=v_{\mathrm {min} }r_{\mathrm {max} }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p\!:}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>:</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p\!:}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87178d196e3e4452bf8c42882f5bf7dc2cdf008f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:2.164ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p\!:}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Ellipse#Halbparameter" title="Ellipse">Halbparameter</a> als kennzeichnendes Bahnelement</dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p=2{\frac {r_{\mathrm {min} }r_{\mathrm {max} }}{r_{\mathrm {min} }+r_{\mathrm {max} }}}={\frac {b^{2}}{a}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>r</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>a</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p=2{\frac {r_{\mathrm {min} }r_{\mathrm {max} }}{r_{\mathrm {min} }+r_{\mathrm {max} }}}={\frac {b^{2}}{a}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4c79ca46c509cc8093361cab0b5ea07139db5a0c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:23.544ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p=2{\frac {r_{\mathrm {min} }r_{\mathrm {max} }}{r_{\mathrm {min} }+r_{\mathrm {max} }}}={\frac {b^{2}}{a}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a\!:}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>:</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a\!:}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0426e49d41d203341b9cf66ca86311c458ff2f42.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.135ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a\!:}" loading="lazy"></span> große Halbachse</dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b\!:}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>b</mi>
<mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>:</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b\!:}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/213044cf67c9ef3abf37a6df9d9d605abf18e523.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.902ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b\!:}" loading="lazy"></span> kleine Halbachse</dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {C^{2}}{p}}=GM}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>p</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {C^{2}}{p}}=GM}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0560cf451207e041a68eeb04100901ed0e3d8c72.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:11.056ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {C^{2}}{p}}=GM}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <a href="Gravitationskonstante" title="Gravitationskonstante">Gravitationskonstante</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> und Masse <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> des Zentralkörpers</dd></dl>
<p>Daraus folgen die Minimal- und Maximalgeschwindigkeit im <a href="Perizentrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Perizentrum">Apozentrum und Perizentrum</a> einer Ellipsenbahn:<sup id="cite_ref-Hodograph_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodograph-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {max} }^{2}={\frac {C^{2}}{pa}}{\frac {1+e}{1-e}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mi>p</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {max} }^{2}={\frac {C^{2}}{pa}}{\frac {1+e}{1-e}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/95ba3633eb948e99b889ff5321e6b02bcdd96eca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:17.128ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {max} }^{2}={\frac {C^{2}}{pa}}{\frac {1+e}{1-e}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {min} }^{2}={\frac {C^{2}}{pa}}{\frac {1-e}{1+e}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mi>p</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {min} }^{2}={\frac {C^{2}}{pa}}{\frac {1-e}{1+e}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/666163e1b82cc8c841830f98469d5d88e644dd2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:16.809ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{\mathrm {min} }^{2}={\frac {C^{2}}{pa}}{\frac {1-e}{1+e}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weitere_Zusammenhänge"><span id="Weitere_Zusammenh.C3.A4nge"></span>Weitere Zusammenhänge</h3></div>
<p>Zwischen der wahren Anomalie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ace9595e3ce66fdec7e9d30202626accd676b11e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.434ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V,}" loading="lazy"></span> der exzentrischen Anomalie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> und der mittleren Anomalie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> bestehen noch zahlreiche weitere Zusammenhänge,<sup id="cite_ref-Aufgaben_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aufgaben-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> die in der langen Geschichte der <a href="Himmelsmechanik" title="Himmelsmechanik">Himmelsmechanik</a> entwickelt wurden. Insbesondere lässt sich die wahre Anomalie – ohne Umweg über die Keplergleichung – direkt aus einer speziellen <a href="Differenzialgleichung" class="mw-redirect" title="Differenzialgleichung">Differenzialgleichung</a> in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> errechnen,<sup id="cite_ref-Aufgaben10_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aufgaben10-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was für numerische Näherungsverfahren von Interesse ist.
</p><p>Insbesondere kann auch hier die wahre Anomalie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> durch die mittlere Anomalie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> für kleine Exzentrizitäten genähert werden, es ergibt sich die nützliche Näherung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V=M+2e\sin(M)+{\frac {5}{4}}e^{2}\sin(2M)+\cdots }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>5</mn>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V=M+2e\sin(M)+{\frac {5}{4}}e^{2}\sin(2M)+\cdots }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cbad7b6f9fbff75c4a671497abd1361a9ce06585.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:41.105ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V=M+2e\sin(M)+{\frac {5}{4}}e^{2}\sin(2M)+\cdots }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Differenz <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> − <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> heißt <a href="Mittelpunktsgleichung" title="Mittelpunktsgleichung">Mittelpunktsgleichung</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aufgaben10_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aufgaben10-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendung_der_Kepler-Gleichung_bei_der_Zeitgleichung">Anwendung der Kepler-Gleichung bei der Zeitgleichung</h2></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Zeitgleichung" title="Zeitgleichung">Zeitgleichung</a></i></div>
<p>Die Zeitgleichung wird im vorliegenden Artikel dennoch ausführlicher behandelt, weil ihre Berechnung mit der im Hauptartikel nicht in allen Teilen identisch, sondern eine Variante davon ist. Dort wird von den <a href="Bahnelemente" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahnelemente">Bahnelementen</a> der Sonne ausgegangen, die ab dem 1. Januar 2000 12:00 <a href="Koordinierte_Weltzeit" title="Koordinierte Weltzeit">UTC</a> auf den Tag der zu berechnenden Zeitgleichung hochzurechnen sind. Hier werden für den 1. Januar für bis zum Jahr 2025 vorausbestimmte sogenannte <i>solare Basiswerte</i> benutzt.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Die Hochrechnung bis zu einem Kalendertag im laufenden Jahr ist entsprechend kürzer.<br>
Hier wird direkt mit der Keplergleichung gearbeitet, dort mit der von dieser abgeleiteten <a href="Mittelpunktsgleichung" title="Mittelpunktsgleichung">Mittelpunktsgleichung</a>, was die Rechnung dort verkürzt.
</p><p>In die Zeitgleichung geht der Ort der Erde auf ihrer elliptischen Bahn um die Sonne um 12:00 UTC des vorgegebenen Tages im Jahr ein. Diese wird mit Anwendung der Kepler-Gleichung als exzentrische Anomalie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> ermittelt und in die „wahre Anomalie“ <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span> umgerechnet. Nach dem Übergang zum geozentrischen Weltbild wird daraus die Folge der ungleichmäßigen Bahnfahrt (<a href="Zeitgleichung#Erste_Ursache" title="Zeitgleichung">erste Zeitgleichungsursache</a>) auf das von der Sonne abgeleitete Zeitmaß (<a href="Wahre_Sonnenzeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahre Sonnenzeit">Wahre Sonnenzeit</a> WOZ) berechnet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definitionen_der_Zeitgleichung">Definitionen der Zeitgleichung</h3></div>
<p>Erste Definition:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(10)} \quad \mathrm {ZG} =\mathrm {WOZ} -\mathrm {MOZ} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>10</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Z</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">G</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">W</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Z</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Z</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(10)} \quad \mathrm {ZG} =\mathrm {WOZ} -\mathrm {MOZ} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a98fdf658a64f6be69a505f0a311e173f1c8a317.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.617ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(10)} \quad \mathrm {ZG} =\mathrm {WOZ} -\mathrm {MOZ} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dem Wert der <a href="Wahre_Ortszeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahre Ortszeit">wahren Ortszeit</a> (WOZ) bzw. <a href="Mittlere_Ortszeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Mittlere Ortszeit">mittleren Ortszeit</a> (MOZ) entspricht der jeweilige Stand der wahren bzw. einer fiktiven mittleren Sonne am Himmel (geozentrische Sichtweise). Da die Tageszeit im Zusammenhang mit der Drehung der Erde um ihre Achse steht, interessiert nur die jeweilige <a href="Rektaszension" title="Rektaszension">Rektaszension</a> (nicht die <a href="Deklination_(Astronomie)" title="Deklination (Astronomie)">Deklination</a>) der Sonne(n). Die die gleichmäßig vergehende Zeit repräsentierende mittlere Sonne läuft auf dem Himmelsäquator um. Die Zeitgleichung ist proportional zur Differenz zwischen den Rektaszensionen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha _{M}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha _{M}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d2d81b7955c8210825a3d68cb5d87b65568f126f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.447ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha _{M}}" loading="lazy"></span> der fiktiven mittleren und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }" loading="lazy"></span> der realen wahren Sonne.
</p><p>Zweite Definition:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(11)} \quad {\text{ZG}}=4(\alpha _{M}-\alpha )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>11</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>ZG</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(11)} \quad {\text{ZG}}=4(\alpha _{M}-\alpha )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7da9ba33bce6b642a7260690d723c299f0369515.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.546ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(11)} \quad {\text{ZG}}=4(\alpha _{M}-\alpha )}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Faktor 4 ergibt sich daraus, dass zwei Himmelskörper mit 1° Rektaszensionsdifferenz den Meridian im zeitlichen Abstand von 4 Minuten passieren. Die Reihenfolge der beiden Subtraktionsterme hat sich umgekehrt, weil die Richtungen für den <a href="Stundenwinkel" title="Stundenwinkel">Stundenwinkel</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/38a7dcde9730ef0853809fefc18d88771f95206c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.202ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau }" loading="lazy"></span> (ihm entsprechen WOZ und MOZ) und die Rektaszension <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }" loading="lazy"></span> zueinander entgegengesetzt definiert sind.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vorgehens-Übersicht"><span id="Vorgehens-.C3.9Cbersicht"></span>Vorgehens-Übersicht</h3></div>
<p>Die Keplergleichung wird im Anfangsteil der Berechnung der Zeitgleichung benutzt. Dabei wird im <a href="Heliozentrisches_Weltbild" title="Heliozentrisches Weltbild">Heliozentrischen Weltbild</a> verblieben.
Die vorgegebene Zeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span> wird mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fec7adc70ea0e1d365e5f7244b6f7ddad9fbf485.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.091ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> dargestellt. Mit Hilfe der Keplergleichung wird <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bf5be62d9f63f5df52e8bc156f950d41e131d99f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.425ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fec7adc70ea0e1d365e5f7244b6f7ddad9fbf485.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.091ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> errechnet.<br>
<b>Die Anwendung der Kepler-Gleichung endet hier.</b><br>
Aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bf5be62d9f63f5df52e8bc156f950d41e131d99f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.425ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> wird noch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/383b47023708ac9df0e198448491048ec7acb2cf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.436ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> (erste der nebenstehenden Abbildungen, bei Kepler mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet) ermittelt, bevor ins geozentrische Weltbild gewechselt und die Herleitung der Zeitgleichung beendet wird.
</p><p><b>Fortsetzung der Ermittlung der Zeitgleichung:</b><br>
In der Zeitgleichung werden die Rektaszensionen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha _{M}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha _{M}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d2d81b7955c8210825a3d68cb5d87b65568f126f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.447ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha _{M}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }" loading="lazy"></span> , deren Bezugspunkt der Frühlingspunk ist, gegenseitig verrechnet. Der Bezugswechsel vom Perihel zum Frühlingspunkt wurde noch vor dem Wechsel zum geozentrischen Weltbild (zweite der nebenstehenden Abbildungen) vorgenommen. Dabei entstand aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/383b47023708ac9df0e198448491048ec7acb2cf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.436ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> die ekliptikale Länge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda ,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda ,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/00aebb041f4a569408e310294efcc29e0eded7dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.002ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda ,}" loading="lazy"></span> die im geozentrischen Weltbild 1:1 übernommen wird.<br>
Anstatt der Anomalie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fec7adc70ea0e1d365e5f7244b6f7ddad9fbf485.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.091ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> des Perihels wird jetzt die Anomalie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8db1ab667b7327d5df3aa6f10c853cf3557acf87.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.232ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> des Frühlingspunktes gebraucht.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anwendung_der_Kepler-Gleichung">Anwendung der Kepler-Gleichung</h3></div>
<p><b>Mittlere Anomalie für den fiktiven Punkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}" loading="lazy"></span> :</b>
</p><p>Die in Gleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(1)} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(1)} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b6faf7e42d1edf1ee53382ff16c81f7fc11ae792.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.972ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(1)} }" loading="lazy"></span> allgemein formulierte mittlere Anomalie lautet im Zusammenhang mit der Zeitgleichung:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(12)} \quad M(t)={\frac {360^{\circ }}{J_{\text{an}}}}(t-t_{P})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>12</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mn>360</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>an</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>P</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(12)} \quad M(t)={\frac {360^{\circ }}{J_{\text{an}}}}(t-t_{P})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a61c52e3ddc15b50fbc3ef9ff630291edfef05e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:27.82ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(12)} \quad M(t)={\frac {360^{\circ }}{J_{\text{an}}}}(t-t_{P})}" loading="lazy"></span>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J_{\text{an}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>an</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J_{\text{an}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b50a39415df1549f8b5cefeec0a21c32fbc42fd1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.258ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J_{\text{an}}}" loading="lazy"></span>: <a href="Anomalistisches_Jahr" title="Anomalistisches Jahr">anomalistisches Jahr</a> zwischen zwei Passagen des Perihels</dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t_{P}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>P</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t_{P}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5190f9ac88f7527038d929916c0db1b7024ca6bf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.306ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t_{P}}" loading="lazy"></span>: Zeitpunkt der Perihel-Passage</dd></dl></dd></dl>
<p>Bei Periheldurchgang hat die mittlere Anomalie folgenden Wert:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(13)} \quad M_{0}=-{\frac {360^{\circ }}{J_{\text{an}}}}t_{P}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>13</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mn>360</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>an</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>P</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(13)} \quad M_{0}=-{\frac {360^{\circ }}{J_{\text{an}}}}t_{P}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a564f44b3baf1841dbcab01f231d256d9f717a1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:22.356ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(13)} \quad M_{0}=-{\frac {360^{\circ }}{J_{\text{an}}}}t_{P}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Bei der Zeitgleichung ist es üblich, die Werte eines Kalenderjahres im entsprechenden <a href="Astronomisches_Jahrbuch" title="Astronomisches Jahrbuch">Astronomischen Jahrbuch</a> zu veröffentlichen. Der 1. Januar 12:00 (UT) des entsprechenden Jahres wird als Nullpunkt für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span> verwendet, sodass gegenwärtig für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t_{P}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>P</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t_{P}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5190f9ac88f7527038d929916c0db1b7024ca6bf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.306ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t_{P}}" loading="lazy"></span> etwa 2 bis 3 Tage und daraus für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/909a62f3ff41169372143733d3767afe0ad3b14d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.308ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> etwa 2° bis 3° gelten.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Es hat sich bequemerweise eingebürgert, den jeweils neuen Wert für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/909a62f3ff41169372143733d3767afe0ad3b14d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.308ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> als eine sogenannte Jahreskonstante (eine der sogenanntewn Basiswerte, s. o.) im Voraus zu veröffentlichen.
</p><p>Mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/909a62f3ff41169372143733d3767afe0ad3b14d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.308ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span> ab 1. Januar 12:00 (UT) wird aus Gleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(12)} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>12</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(12)} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7aa1b7e1f5b30d8439372c22e641396942918516.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.134ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(12)} }" loading="lazy"></span><b>:</b>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M(t)=M_{0}+{\frac {360^{\circ }}{J_{\text{an}}}}t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mn>360</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>an</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M(t)=M_{0}+{\frac {360^{\circ }}{J_{\text{an}}}}t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/57941f72c75b3bcceefe7cc6e8cd0702a4574088.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:20.556ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M(t)=M_{0}+{\frac {360^{\circ }}{J_{\text{an}}}}t}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p><b>Kepler-Gleichung:</b>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M(t)=E(t)-{\frac {180^{\circ }}{\pi }}e\sin(E(t))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mn>180</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M(t)=E(t)-{\frac {180^{\circ }}{\pi }}e\sin(E(t))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ecf90c45b1692daf6cd0588bf343157551288cd7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:31.392ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M(t)=E(t)-{\frac {180^{\circ }}{\pi }}e\sin(E(t))}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Mit der dem vorgegebenen Zeitpunkt entsprechenden mittleren Anomalie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> und der Erdbahn-Exzentrizität <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>e</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cd253103f0876afc68ebead27a5aa9867d927467.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e}" loading="lazy"></span> wird mit Hilfe der Kepler-Gleichung die exzentrische Anomalie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> ermittelt.
</p><p><b>Wahre Anomalie der Erde <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> :</b>
</p><p>Die exzentrische Anomalie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> führt in einer rein geometrischen Betrachtung in der Ellipse und in ihrem Umkreis (erste der nebenstehenden Abbildungen) wie folgt zur wahren Anomalie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span>:<sup id="cite_ref-SW_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tan \left({\frac {V(t)}{2}}\right)=\kappa \cdot \tan \left({\frac {E(t)}{2}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>κ<!-- κ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tan \left({\frac {V(t)}{2}}\right)=\kappa \cdot \tan \left({\frac {E(t)}{2}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d6abec17e46bc99c8db0f88c6fbf89f23ad01f1a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:30.211ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tan \left({\frac {V(t)}{2}}\right)=\kappa \cdot \tan \left({\frac {E(t)}{2}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(14)} \quad \kappa ={\sqrt {\frac {1+e}{1-e}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>14</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>κ<!-- κ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(14)} \quad \kappa ={\sqrt {\frac {1+e}{1-e}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0bba2dc23554650e5db0d47eb5ac4ba4c023c070.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:19.14ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(14)} \quad \kappa ={\sqrt {\frac {1+e}{1-e}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> … eine Ellipsenkonstante</dd></dl>
<p>Das Kepler-Problem ist mit der Ermittlung der wahren Anomalie der Erde gelöst. Im Folgenden wird die Ermittlung der Zeitgleichung abgeschlossen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wahre_Anomalie_der_Erde_→_Rektaszension_der_Sonne"><span id="Wahre_Anomalie_der_Erde_.E2.86.92_Rektaszension_der_Sonne"></span>Wahre Anomalie der Erde → Rektaszension der Sonne</h3></div>
<p><b>Wahre Anomalie der Erde → ekliptikale Länge der Erde → ekliptikale Länge der Sonne:</b>
</p><p>Von der Erde aus gesehen spiegelt sich die Bewegung der Erde um die Sonne wider in der scheinbaren Bewegung der Sonne in der Ekliptik, dem Schnitt der Erdbahnebene mit der um die Erde als Mittelpunkt geschlagenen Richtungskugel (siehe zweite der nebenstehenden Abbildungen).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die ekliptikale Länge der Erde und die ekliptikale Länge der Sonne sind somit Synonyme mit dem Formelzeichen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Bezugspunkt für die <a href="Ekliptikale_L%C3%A4nge" title="Ekliptikale Länge">ekliptikale Länge</a> (und auch der Rektaszension) ist gemäß allgemeinem Brauch der <a href="Fr%C3%BChlingspunkt" title="Frühlingspunkt">Frühlingspunkt</a>. Die ekliptikale Länge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda (t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda (t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0e1cc2c2f9e6d8b22c0da0bb5fe8f0f47791e4a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.004ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda (t)}" loading="lazy"></span> der Sonne wird erhalten, indem dem auf das Perihel der Erdbahn bezogenen Winkel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/383b47023708ac9df0e198448491048ec7acb2cf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.436ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> der Winkel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> zwischen Perihel <b>P</b> und dem dem Frühlingspunkt entsprechenden Ort <b>(F)</b> addiert wird:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(15)} \quad \lambda (t)=V(t)+L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>15</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(15)} \quad \lambda (t)=V(t)+L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6093162115211017dbff448e3304d0c2894d7da5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.419ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(15)} \quad \lambda (t)=V(t)+L}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Wert von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> ist negativ. Unter den nahezu konstanten Grundgrößen ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> diejenige, die sich mit der Zeit wegen der relativ schnelleren Annäherung zwischen Frühlingspunkt bzw. Punkt <b>(F)</b> und Perihel am stärksten verändert. Sie wird deshalb nicht nur jährlich als sogenannte Jahreskonstante <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db742b8c210fc611329a4c2dcc3af4b4e1a110cb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.637ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> neu gesetzt, sondern mit folgender Gleichung permanent verändert:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(16)} \quad L(t)=L_{0}+{\tfrac {0{,}0172^{\circ }}{J_{\text{tr}}}}t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>16</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>0,017</mn>
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>tr</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(16)} \quad L(t)=L_{0}+{\tfrac {0{,}0172^{\circ }}{J_{\text{tr}}}}t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3636420bbd47e845b4f1f271717d24093310a5db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:26.339ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(16)} \quad L(t)=L_{0}+{\tfrac {0{,}0172^{\circ }}{J_{\text{tr}}}}t}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Frühlingspunkt und Perihel nähern sich mit etwa <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {0{,}0172^{\circ }}{J_{\text{tr}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>0,017</mn>
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>tr</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {0{,}0172^{\circ }}{J_{\text{tr}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/340868e2ca407d07108b03c7b2e4c15b47fb242b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:6.235ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {0{,}0172^{\circ }}{J_{\text{tr}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J_{\text{tr}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>tr</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J_{\text{tr}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/01fe3751d29441d12048cd80bfdf9cc55ef4c85d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.807ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J_{\text{tr}}}" loading="lazy"></span> das <a href="Tropisches_Jahr" title="Tropisches Jahr">tropische Jahr</a> ist (Zeit für zwei aufeinanderfolgende Passagen des Frühlingspunkts bzw. des Punktes <b>(F)</b>). Unter Beachtung der Gleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(16)} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>16</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(16)} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0e4374bd663a803456667963f5f76d25ba9079ba.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.134ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(16)} }" loading="lazy"></span> ist statt Gleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(15)} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>15</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(15)} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e8a63a373c91cdbb06b6a466ef29c243076e17b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.134ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(15)} }" loading="lazy"></span> zu schreiben:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(17)} \quad \lambda (t)=V(t)+L_{0}+{\tfrac {0{,}0172^{\circ }}{J_{\text{tr}}}}t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>17</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>0,017</mn>
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>tr</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(17)} \quad \lambda (t)=V(t)+L_{0}+{\tfrac {0{,}0172^{\circ }}{J_{\text{tr}}}}t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/31d8f4d4fa745ba1c09fd52ce78b762827eb97e9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:33.388ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(17)} \quad \lambda (t)=V(t)+L_{0}+{\tfrac {0{,}0172^{\circ }}{J_{\text{tr}}}}t}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Wert von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db742b8c210fc611329a4c2dcc3af4b4e1a110cb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.637ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist negativ !
</p><p><b>Ekliptikale Länge der Sonne → Rektaszension der Sonne:</b>
</p><p>Neben der Elliptizität der Erdbahn verursacht die zur Erdbahnebene nicht rechtwinklige Lage der <a href="Erdachse" title="Erdachse">Erdachse</a> und ihre Richtungsänderung relativ zur Sonne die Zeitgleichung.
</p><p>Die Rektaszension <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }" loading="lazy"></span> der Sonne lässt sich z. B. mit allgemein bekannten <a href="Astronomische_Koordinatensysteme#Rotierende_äquatoriale_(α,_δ)_→_ekliptikale_Koordinaten_(λ,_β,_geozentrisch)" title="Astronomische Koordinatensysteme">Transformationsgleichungen</a> oder mit folgender einfachen Beziehung im entsprechenden rechtwinkligen sphärischen Dreieck (siehe dritte der nebenstehenden Abbildungen) aus der ekliptikalen Länge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }" loading="lazy"></span> ermitteln:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(18)} \quad \alpha (t)=\arctan(\tan(\lambda (t))\cdot \cos(\varepsilon ))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>18</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>arctan</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(18)} \quad \alpha (t)=\arctan(\tan(\lambda (t))\cdot \cos(\varepsilon ))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1b501e9c44e5a15190e0cb332cd799da7edfb671.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:38.823ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(18)} \quad \alpha (t)=\arctan(\tan(\lambda (t))\cdot \cos(\varepsilon ))}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a30c89172e5b88edbd45d3e2772c7f5e562e5173.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }" loading="lazy"></span> ist die Schiefe der Erdachse: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon =23{,}44^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>23</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mn>44</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon =23{,}44^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2c126bfacb4c2b6bcbf0a088bbea674064cf119b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.533ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon =23{,}44^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rektaszension_der_mittleren_Sonne">Rektaszension der mittleren Sonne</h3></div>
<p>Die Bewegung der mittleren Sonne S″ (dritte der rechts stehenden Abbildungen) auf dem Äquator macht die gleichmäßig vergehende Zeit gleich wie die der auf der Erdbahn umlaufenden fiktiven Erde (Punkt Y) anschaulich. Ihr Lauf ist möglichst eng an den der wahren Sonne zu koppeln, damit sie deren Lauf etwa „mittelt“. Das wurde mit folgender Definition erreicht:<sup id="cite_ref-DGC_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGC-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(19)} \quad \alpha _{M}(t)=L(t)+M(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>19</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(19)} \quad \alpha _{M}(t)=L(t)+M(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/30a35a561666ac6b84c67a154416d63014442420.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:27.814ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(19)} \quad \alpha _{M}(t)=L(t)+M(t)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Wenn man die zeitliche Änderung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> vernachlässigt, gilt auch:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left(20\right)\quad \alpha _{M}(t)=L_{0}+M(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mn>20</mn>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left(20\right)\quad \alpha _{M}(t)=L_{0}+M(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4de9ff214a7771226789ec009d42b57447908c81.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.607ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left(20\right)\quad \alpha _{M}(t)=L_{0}+M(t)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zeitgleichung">Zeitgleichung</h3></div>
<p>Die beiden zur Anwendung der Zeitgleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(11)} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>11</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(11)} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/74bf2b4812ba57db2186a9f4f5b7f90a4cca2689.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.134ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(11)} }" loading="lazy"></span> erforderlichen Rektaszensionen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha _{M}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha _{M}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d2d81b7955c8210825a3d68cb5d87b65568f126f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.447ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha _{M}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }" loading="lazy"></span> sind gefunden.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(11)} \quad {\text{ZG}}=4(\alpha _{M}-\alpha )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>11</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>ZG</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(11)} \quad {\text{ZG}}=4(\alpha _{M}-\alpha )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7da9ba33bce6b642a7260690d723c299f0369515.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.546ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(11)} \quad {\text{ZG}}=4(\alpha _{M}-\alpha )}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zusammenfassung:_Rechenschritte">Zusammenfassung: Rechenschritte</h3></div>
<dl><dd><ul><li>vorgegebener Zeitpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rightarrow }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/53e574cc3aa5b4bf5f3f5906caf121a378eef08b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }" loading="lazy"></span> Anomalie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> des fiktiven Punktes <b><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}" loading="lazy"></span></b></li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rightarrow }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/53e574cc3aa5b4bf5f3f5906caf121a378eef08b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }" loading="lazy"></span> exzentrische Anomalie <b><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span></b> des Punktes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li><b><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span></b> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rightarrow }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/53e574cc3aa5b4bf5f3f5906caf121a378eef08b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }" loading="lazy"></span> Anomalie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>Systemwechsel heliozentrisch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rightarrow }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/53e574cc3aa5b4bf5f3f5906caf121a378eef08b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }" loading="lazy"></span> geozentrisch (Bezugspunkt: Perihel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rightarrow }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/53e574cc3aa5b4bf5f3f5906caf121a378eef08b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }" loading="lazy"></span> Frühlingspunkt; Anomalie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rightarrow }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/53e574cc3aa5b4bf5f3f5906caf121a378eef08b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }" loading="lazy"></span> ekliptikale Länge)</li>
<li>vorgegebener Zeitpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rightarrow }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/53e574cc3aa5b4bf5f3f5906caf121a378eef08b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }" loading="lazy"></span> ekliptikale Länge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> der auf der Ekliptik umlaufenden fiktiven Sonne</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rightarrow }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/53e574cc3aa5b4bf5f3f5906caf121a378eef08b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }" loading="lazy"></span> ekliptikale Länge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }" loading="lazy"></span> der wahren Sonne</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }" loading="lazy"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rightarrow }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/53e574cc3aa5b4bf5f3f5906caf121a378eef08b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }" loading="lazy"></span> Rektaszension <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }" loading="lazy"></span> der wahren Sonne</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha _{M}(t)=L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha _{M}(t)=L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3cb7e72da0db128d470afba1b44e7a0b780de971.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.777ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha _{M}(t)=L}" loading="lazy"></span> (Rektaszension <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha _{M}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha _{M}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d2d81b7955c8210825a3d68cb5d87b65568f126f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.447ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha _{M}}" loading="lazy"></span> der auf dem Äquator umlaufenden fiktiven Sonne = ekliptikale Länge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/103168b86f781fe6e9a4a87b8ea1cebe0ad4ede8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.583ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L}" loading="lazy"></span> der auf der Ekliptik umlaufenden fiktiven Sonne)</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{ZG}}=\alpha _{M}-\alpha }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>ZG</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{ZG}}=\alpha _{M}-\alpha }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/18783df2389a55b24398095cd2b4014f652422f5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.118ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{ZG}}=\alpha _{M}-\alpha }" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rechenbeispiel_1">Rechenbeispiel 1</h3></div>
<p>Die Zeitgleichung für den <b>2. April 2015</b>, 12:00 UT (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t=91\ {\text{d}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>91</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t=91\ {\text{d}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3030a2e26027a71a35a6ba8da4bef63b0a2c082.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.136ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t=91\ {\text{d}}}" loading="lazy"></span>) wird berechnet
<b>Die Jahreskonstanten 2015</b> sind:<sup id="cite_ref-DGC_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGC-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{0}=-2{,}3705^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2,370</mn>
<msup>
<mn>5</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{0}=-2{,}3705^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c4ca1908d31cffef3adb6898bca04da0c1f82277.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.728ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{0}=-2{,}3705^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J_{an}=365{,}259991\ {\text{d}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>365,259</mn>
<mn>991</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J_{an}=365{,}259991\ {\text{d}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b3c059b42cd4eb7c6f27915754dd7fa2c7f94744.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:19.459ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J_{an}=365{,}259991\ {\text{d}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J_{tr}=365{,}242907\ {\text{d}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>365,242</mn>
<mn>907</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J_{tr}=365{,}242907\ {\text{d}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/29d85ded39deede75aba3d5316ff319cd3fabdad.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:18.938ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J_{tr}=365{,}242907\ {\text{d}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e=0{,}016703}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>e</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0,016</mn>
<mn>703</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e=0{,}016703}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d9c92792b59a71a578c0593e0883bb5eaa468ec6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.966ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e=0{,}016703}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon =23{,}43734^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>23,437</mn>
<msup>
<mn>34</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon =23{,}43734^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5d91abdf5c7c9082a99752e0375f155d6da52e61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.02ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon =23{,}43734^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{0}=-76{,}8021^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>76,802</mn>
<msup>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{0}=-76{,}8021^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e2e2cb46d83f19f12833fae17b0c1f430ba715f7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.219ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{0}=-76{,}8021^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p><b>Die Rechnungen</b> sind:
</p>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M(t)=M_{0}+{\frac {360^{\circ }}{J_{\text{an}}}}t=87{,}3190^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mn>360</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>an</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>87,319</mn>
<msup>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M(t)=M_{0}+{\frac {360^{\circ }}{J_{\text{an}}}}t=87{,}3190^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4a71c1947da1537c3327a61aec6d2939fdfface6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:32.33ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M(t)=M_{0}+{\frac {360^{\circ }}{J_{\text{an}}}}t=87{,}3190^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(16)} \quad L(t)=L_{0}+{\tfrac {0{,}0172^{\circ }}{J_{\text{tr}}}}t=-76{,}7978^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>16</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>0,017</mn>
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>tr</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>76,797</mn>
<msup>
<mn>8</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(16)} \quad L(t)=L_{0}+{\tfrac {0{,}0172^{\circ }}{J_{\text{tr}}}}t=-76{,}7978^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ff880e684038cc87e6f911cc5e7929f74df99917.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:39.922ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(16)} \quad L(t)=L_{0}+{\tfrac {0{,}0172^{\circ }}{J_{\text{tr}}}}t=-76{,}7978^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M(t)=E(t)-{\frac {180^{\circ }}{\pi }}e\sin(E(t))\quad \rightarrow \quad E(t)=88{,}2756^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mn>180</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>88,275</mn>
<msup>
<mn>6</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M(t)=E(t)-{\frac {180^{\circ }}{\pi }}e\sin(E(t))\quad \rightarrow \quad E(t)=88{,}2756^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7e11ba952de2c78f99c2ff3bd1cbd3db75922547.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:55.85ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M(t)=E(t)-{\frac {180^{\circ }}{\pi }}e\sin(E(t))\quad \rightarrow \quad E(t)=88{,}2756^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> Die Lösung erfolgte durch <a href="Iteration" title="Iteration">Iteration</a>.
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \kappa ={\sqrt {\frac {1+e}{1-e}}}=1{,}0168445}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>κ<!-- κ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1,016</mn>
<mn>8445</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \kappa ={\sqrt {\frac {1+e}{1-e}}}=1{,}0168445}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9017c4f1e162ae4aaed742519a921e1a1cb13867.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:25.729ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \kappa ={\sqrt {\frac {1+e}{1-e}}}=1{,}0168445}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tan \left({\frac {V(t)}{2}}\right)=\kappa \tan \left({\frac {E(t)}{2}}\right)\quad \rightarrow \quad V(t)=89{,}2325^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>κ<!-- κ --></mi>
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>89,232</mn>
<msup>
<mn>5</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tan \left({\frac {V(t)}{2}}\right)=\kappa \tan \left({\frac {E(t)}{2}}\right)\quad \rightarrow \quad V(t)=89{,}2325^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7425eb0c7f1713f566700992cc382d2f8d49a1f0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:53.389ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tan \left({\frac {V(t)}{2}}\right)=\kappa \tan \left({\frac {E(t)}{2}}\right)\quad \rightarrow \quad V(t)=89{,}2325^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(17)} \quad \lambda (t)=V(t)+L(t)=12{,}4347^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>17</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>12,434</mn>
<msup>
<mn>7</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(17)} \quad \lambda (t)=V(t)+L(t)=12{,}4347^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7d1a1e896566bb7d998bd5cbe7caf9647a6a4656.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:36.842ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(17)} \quad \lambda (t)=V(t)+L(t)=12{,}4347^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(18)} \quad \alpha (t)=\arctan(\tan(\lambda (t))\cdot \cos(\varepsilon ))=11{,}4369^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>18</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>arctan</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>11,436</mn>
<msup>
<mn>9</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(18)} \quad \alpha (t)=\arctan(\tan(\lambda (t))\cdot \cos(\varepsilon ))=11{,}4369^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a06f5aacd9ebed338bd9290a473be7bfd768124.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:50.598ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(18)} \quad \alpha (t)=\arctan(\tan(\lambda (t))\cdot \cos(\varepsilon ))=11{,}4369^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(19)} \quad \alpha _{M}(t)=L(t)+M(t)=10{,}5212^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>19</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>10,521</mn>
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(19)} \quad \alpha _{M}(t)=L(t)+M(t)=10{,}5212^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d7b1386ff42cf917fc95fd8e211973358dfae84e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:39.588ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(19)} \quad \alpha _{M}(t)=L(t)+M(t)=10{,}5212^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(11)} \quad {\text{ZG}}(t)={\frac {4\ {\text{min}}}{^{\circ }}}(\alpha _{M}(t)-\alpha (t))=-3{,}6629\ {\text{min}}=-3\ {\text{min}}\ {\text{40}}\ {\text{s}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>11</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>ZG</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>min</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>3,662</mn>
<mn>9</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>min</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>min</mtext>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>40</mtext>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>s</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(11)} \quad {\text{ZG}}(t)={\frac {4\ {\text{min}}}{^{\circ }}}(\alpha _{M}(t)-\alpha (t))=-3{,}6629\ {\text{min}}=-3\ {\text{min}}\ {\text{40}}\ {\text{s}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72d9ff0dad1946f2df1ef70f9e7cefd7e2ff509c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:67.534ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(11)} \quad {\text{ZG}}(t)={\frac {4\ {\text{min}}}{^{\circ }}}(\alpha _{M}(t)-\alpha (t))=-3{,}6629\ {\text{min}}=-3\ {\text{min}}\ {\text{40}}\ {\text{s}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Zeitgleichung hat am 2. April 2015, 12:00 UT den Wert:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{ZG}}(91\ {\text{d}})=-3\ {\text{min}}\ {\text{40}}\ {\text{s}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>ZG</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>91</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>min</mtext>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>40</mtext>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>s</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{ZG}}(91\ {\text{d}})=-3\ {\text{min}}\ {\text{40}}\ {\text{s}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c0a6e71b05da80dfff7ee56e757ecffeae44f4f0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.179ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{ZG}}(91\ {\text{d}})=-3\ {\text{min}}\ {\text{40}}\ {\text{s}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rechenbeispiel_2">Rechenbeispiel 2</h3></div>
<p>Die Zeitgleichung für den <b>1. Mai 2015</b>, 12:00 UT (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t=120\ {\text{d}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>120</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t=120\ {\text{d}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/380ea7e35776e6313261503a32ba0ac2a416d64a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.299ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t=120\ {\text{d}}}" loading="lazy"></span>) wird berechnet.
</p><p><b>Die Rechnungen</b> sind:
</p>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M(t)=M_{0}+{\frac {360^{\circ }}{J_{\text{an}}}}t=115{,}9014^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mn>360</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>an</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>115,901</mn>
<msup>
<mn>4</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M(t)=M_{0}+{\frac {360^{\circ }}{J_{\text{an}}}}t=115{,}9014^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/edd8cca8abe686f63578cd1db7f8b362511e5520.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:33.492ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M(t)=M_{0}+{\frac {360^{\circ }}{J_{\text{an}}}}t=115{,}9014^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(16)} \quad L(t)=L_{0}+{\tfrac {0{,}0172^{\circ }}{J_{\text{tr}}}}t=-76{,}7966^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>16</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>0,017</mn>
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>tr</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>76,796</mn>
<msup>
<mn>6</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(16)} \quad L(t)=L_{0}+{\tfrac {0{,}0172^{\circ }}{J_{\text{tr}}}}t=-76{,}7966^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/85d4eaf7bd37725a0ff3cecf2d3e8d8c6a3a8cf6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:39.922ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(16)} \quad L(t)=L_{0}+{\tfrac {0{,}0172^{\circ }}{J_{\text{tr}}}}t=-76{,}7966^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M(t)=E(t)-{\frac {180^{\circ }}{\pi }}e\sin(E(t))\quad \rightarrow \quad E(t)=116{,}7560^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mn>180</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>e</mi>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>116,756</mn>
<msup>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M(t)=E(t)-{\frac {180^{\circ }}{\pi }}e\sin(E(t))\quad \rightarrow \quad E(t)=116{,}7560^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d0d84975dee67246164e71ae797baec70782ce35.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:57.013ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M(t)=E(t)-{\frac {180^{\circ }}{\pi }}e\sin(E(t))\quad \rightarrow \quad E(t)=116{,}7560^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> Die Lösung erfolgte durch Iteration.
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \kappa ={\sqrt {\frac {1+e}{1-e}}}=1,0168446}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>κ<!-- κ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>e</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0168446</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \kappa ={\sqrt {\frac {1+e}{1-e}}}=1,0168446}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8592d3d45bcdd6de310b5ed0055990b50e8daee0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:26.116ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \kappa ={\sqrt {\frac {1+e}{1-e}}}=1,0168446}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tan \left({\frac {V(t)}{2}}\right)=\kappa \cdot \tan \left({\frac {E(t)}{2}}\right)\quad \rightarrow \quad V(t)=117{,}6074^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>κ<!-- κ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>117,607</mn>
<msup>
<mn>4</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tan \left({\frac {V(t)}{2}}\right)=\kappa \cdot \tan \left({\frac {E(t)}{2}}\right)\quad \rightarrow \quad V(t)=117{,}6074^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/125c221bdf41a072b9329b96f0908f6766efc35b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:55.843ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tan \left({\frac {V(t)}{2}}\right)=\kappa \cdot \tan \left({\frac {E(t)}{2}}\right)\quad \rightarrow \quad V(t)=117{,}6074^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(17)} \quad \lambda (t)=V(t)+L(t)=40{,}81075^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>17</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>V</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>40,810</mn>
<msup>
<mn>75</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(17)} \quad \lambda (t)=V(t)+L(t)=40{,}81075^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b02d546fe192010d8857c00a1407471708558e1d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:38.004ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(17)} \quad \lambda (t)=V(t)+L(t)=40{,}81075^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(18)} \quad \alpha (t)=\arctan(\tan(\lambda (t))\cdot \cos(\varepsilon ))=38,38843^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>18</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>arctan</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>38</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mn>38843</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(18)} \quad \alpha (t)=\arctan(\tan(\lambda (t))\cdot \cos(\varepsilon ))=38,38843^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c6f2c46b8a623ff3cff04a2140bfb15d36b582a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:52.147ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(18)} \quad \alpha (t)=\arctan(\tan(\lambda (t))\cdot \cos(\varepsilon ))=38,38843^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(19)} \quad \alpha _{M}(t)=L(t)+M(t)=39,10477^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>19</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>39</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mn>10477</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(19)} \quad \alpha _{M}(t)=L(t)+M(t)=39,10477^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/532058ee204571c13ba43b8da625b67a08eeb20c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:41.138ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(19)} \quad \alpha _{M}(t)=L(t)+M(t)=39,10477^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(11)} \quad {\text{ZG}}(t)={\frac {4\ {\text{min}}}{^{\circ }}}(\alpha _{M}(t)-\alpha (t))=2{,}8654\ {\text{min}}=2\ {\text{min}}\ {\text{52}}\ {\text{s}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>11</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>ZG</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>min</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2,865</mn>
<mn>4</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>min</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>min</mtext>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>52</mtext>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>s</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(11)} \quad {\text{ZG}}(t)={\frac {4\ {\text{min}}}{^{\circ }}}(\alpha _{M}(t)-\alpha (t))=2{,}8654\ {\text{min}}=2\ {\text{min}}\ {\text{52}}\ {\text{s}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e16845cd75a32f1d5d30c25d62c61a958625619e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:63.918ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(11)} \quad {\text{ZG}}(t)={\frac {4\ {\text{min}}}{^{\circ }}}(\alpha _{M}(t)-\alpha (t))=2{,}8654\ {\text{min}}=2\ {\text{min}}\ {\text{52}}\ {\text{s}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Zeitgleichung hat am 1. Mai 2015, 12:00 UT den Wert:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{ZG}}(120\ {\text{d}})=2\ {\text{min}}\ {\text{52}}\ {\text{s}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>ZG</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>120</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>min</mtext>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>52</mtext>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>s</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{ZG}}(120\ {\text{d}})=2\ {\text{min}}\ {\text{52}}\ {\text{s}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8cb7416e1425ec80e26c02aea0f6c3229425065c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.534ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{ZG}}(120\ {\text{d}})=2\ {\text{min}}\ {\text{52}}\ {\text{s}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zeitgleichungswerte_für_die_Passage_ausgezeichneter_Bahnpunkte"><span id="Zeitgleichungswerte_f.C3.BCr_die_Passage_ausgezeichneter_Bahnpunkte"></span>Zeitgleichungswerte für die Passage ausgezeichneter Bahnpunkte</h3></div>
<p>Vom Kalender und damit von der Jahreskonstanten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/909a62f3ff41169372143733d3767afe0ad3b14d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.308ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> unabhängig sind Zeitgleichungswerte für die Passage ausgezeichneter Punkte durch die Erde auf ihrer Bahn (beziehungsweise durch die Sonne auf der Ekliptik): Frühlings-, Sommer-, Herbst- und Winteranfangspunkt, Perihel und Aphel.
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<caption>Zeitgleichungswerte und Zeitpunkte für die Passage ausgezeichneter Bahnpunkte *)
</caption>
<tbody><tr class="hintergrundfarbe5">
<th>
</th>
<th>F-Anfang
</th>
<th>S-Anfang
</th>
<th>H-Anfang
</th>
<th>W-Anfang
</th>
<th>Perihel
</th>
<th>Aphel
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">λ/°
</td>
<td style="text-align:center">0
</td>
<td style="text-align:center">90
</td>
<td style="text-align:center">180
</td>
<td style="text-align:center">270
</td>
<td style="text-align:center">L<sub>0</sub>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center">L<sub>0</sub> + 180
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">ZG/min
</td>
<td style="text-align:center">−7,44
</td>
<td style="text-align:center">−1,74
</td>
<td style="text-align:center">+7,48
</td>
<td style="text-align:center">+1,70
</td>
<td style="text-align:center">−4,50
</td>
<td style="text-align:center">−4,50
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">t<sub>P</sub>/d **)
</td>
<td style="text-align:center">76,234
</td>
<td style="text-align:center">168,990
</td>
<td style="text-align:center">262,641
</td>
<td style="text-align:center">352,485
</td>
<td style="text-align:center">0
</td>
<td style="text-align:center">182,621
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>*) Die Werte gelten für das Jahr 2004 mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{0}=-76{,}99^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>76</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mn>99</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{0}=-76{,}99^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/626ab2592f4ebe6cd6da2d8e972dc2ae0f309e38.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.895ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{0}=-76{,}99^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J_{tr}=365{,}2428\ {\text{d}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>365,242</mn>
<mn>8</mn>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>d</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J_{tr}=365{,}2428\ {\text{d}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7495f962396022e9741aca1149408b0869f919b6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.613ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J_{tr}=365{,}2428\ {\text{d}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-DGC_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGC-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br>
**) Die angegebenen Zeiten beziehen sich auf den Periheldurchgang, nicht wie in <a href="#Wahre_Anomalie">obigem Beispiel</a> auf den 1. Januar 12:00 UT.
</p><p>Ihre Berechnung ist einfacher, als die für beliebige Zeitpunkte, weil die Kepler-Gleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=f(M)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=f(M)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/43f6d85f95f1e612ec5f7f8d3d946292ebbeabce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.404ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=f(M)}" loading="lazy"></span> nicht gelöst werden muss. Von der vorgegebenen ekliptikalen Länge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }" loading="lazy"></span> eines der ausgezeichneten Punkte ist leicht zur wahren (Gl. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(15)} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>15</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(15)} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e8a63a373c91cdbb06b6a466ef29c243076e17b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.134ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(15)} }" loading="lazy"></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-L_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und weiter zur exzentrischen Anomalie zu finden. Aus Letzterer folgt mit der umgestellten Kepler-Gleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M=f(E)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M=f(E)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/392e13b10996ba03ef1ebe33c9a9f4a3aea613ea.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.404ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M=f(E)}" loading="lazy"></span> die mittlere Anomalie, also der Bahnpunkt der fiktiven mittleren Erde. Die ekliptikale Länge des Perihels<sup id="cite_ref-L_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> zu Letzterer addiert (Gl. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(19)} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>19</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(19)} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1485457f52f56e14251e5e33c7f5613c9895b3a5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.134ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(19)} }" loading="lazy"></span>) ist die gesuchte mittlere Rektaszension <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha _{M}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha _{M}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d2d81b7955c8210825a3d68cb5d87b65568f126f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.447ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha _{M}}" loading="lazy"></span> (<a href="Subtraktion#Sprachregelungen,_Grundeigenschaften_und_Notation" title="Subtraktion">Minuend</a> in der Zeitgleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(11)} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>11</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(11)} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/74bf2b4812ba57db2186a9f4f5b7f90a4cca2689.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.134ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(11)} }" loading="lazy"></span>). Die wahre Rektaszension <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }" loading="lazy"></span> (Subtrahend) ist bei den Punkten Frühling bis Winter mit deren ekliptikaler Länge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }" loading="lazy"></span> identisch. Nur bei den Punkten Perihel und Aphel ergibt die <a href="Koordinatentransformation" title="Koordinatentransformation">Koordinatentransformation</a> (Gl. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(18)} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>18</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(18)} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/40f1946c6b6fef53315f571bbeccdf56aa64f51a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.134ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(18)} }" loading="lazy"></span>) kleine Werteunterschiede.
</p><p>Bei der Vorgehensweise, die Berechnung mit einer vorgegebenen ekliptikalen Länge bzw. einer vorgegebenen wahren Anomalie zu beginnen, erhält man neben der Zeitgleichung auch die seit der Perihelpassage der Erde vergangene Zeit. Das ist die Zeit, die die mittlere Anomalie repräsentiert und sie wird aus dem Zwischenergebnis für die mittlere Anomalie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span> mit Hilfe der entsprechend umzustellenden Gleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(12)} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>12</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(12)} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7aa1b7e1f5b30d8439372c22e641396942918516.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.134ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(12)} }" loading="lazy"></span> errechnet.
</p><p>Diese Vorgehensweise wird gelegentlich auch für die allgemeine Arbeit empfohlen, Zeitgleichungstabellen zu ermitteln.<sup id="cite_ref-Schilt_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schilt-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Man erspart sich dabei das aufwändige Lösen der Kepler-Gleichung, findet zu Werten für gewünschte Zeitpunkte aber nur durch Probieren oder bei genügender Ergebnisdichte durch <a href="Interpolation_(Mathematik)" title="Interpolation (Mathematik)">Interpolieren</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Andreas Guthmann: <i>Einführung in die Himmelsmechanik und Ephemeridenrechnung.</i> BI-Wiss.-Verl., Mannheim 1994, ISBN 3-411-17051-4.</li>
<li>Peter Colwell: <cite style="font-style:italic">Solving Kepler's equation over three centuries</cite>. Hrsg.: Willmann-Bell. Richmond, VA 1993, ISBN 0-943396-40-9, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>202</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Kepler-Gleichung&rft.au=Peter+Colwell&rft.btitle=Solving+Kepler%27s+equation+over+three+centuries&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0943396409&rft.pages=202&rft.place=Richmond%2C+VA" style="display:none"> </span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li>J. M. Danby, T. M. Burkardt: <cite style="font-style:italic">The solution of Kepler's equation. I</cite> (= <cite style="font-style:italic">Cel. Mech.</cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>31</span>). 1983, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>95–107</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01686811">10.1007/BF01686811</a></span>, <a href="Bibcode" title="Bibcode">bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983CeMec..31...95D">1983CeMec..31...95D</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Kepler-Gleichung&rft.au=J.+M.+Danby%2C+T.+M.+Burkardt&rft.btitle=The+solution+of+Kepler%27s+equation.+I&rft.date=1983&rft.doi=10.1007%2FBF01686811&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=95-107&rft.series=Cel.+Mech." style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>B. A. Conway: <cite style="font-style:italic">An improved algorithm due to Laguerre for the solution of Kepler's equation</cite>. 1986, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1986-84">10.2514/6.1986-84</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Kepler-Gleichung&rft.au=B.+A.+Conway&rft.btitle=An+improved+algorithm+due+to+Laguerre+for+the+solution+of+Kepler%27s+equation&rft.date=1986&rft.doi=10.2514%2F6.1986-84&rft.genre=book" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Seppo Mikkola: <cite style="font-style:italic">A cubic approximation for Kepler's equation</cite> (= <cite style="font-style:italic">Cel. Mech.</cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>40</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>). 1987, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01235850">10.1007/BF01235850</a></span>, <a href="Bibcode" title="Bibcode">bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987CeMec..40..329M">1987CeMec..40..329M</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Kepler-Gleichung&rft.au=Seppo+Mikkola&rft.btitle=A+cubic+approximation+for+Kepler%27s+equation&rft.date=1987&rft.doi=10.1007%2FBF01235850&rft.genre=book&rft.series=Cel.+Mech." style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li><a href="Albert_Nijenhuis" title="Albert Nijenhuis">Albert Nijenhuis</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Solving Kepler's equation with high efficiency and accuracy</cite> (= <cite style="font-style:italic">Cel. Mech. Dyn. Astr.</cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>51</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>). 1991, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>319–330</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00052925">10.1007/BF00052925</a></span>, <a href="Bibcode" title="Bibcode">bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991CeMDA..51..319N">1991CeMDA..51..319N</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Kepler-Gleichung&rft.au=Albert+Nijenhuis&rft.btitle=Solving+Kepler%27s+equation+with+high+efficiency+and+accuracy&rft.date=1991&rft.doi=10.1007%2FBF00052925&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=319-330&rft.series=Cel.+Mech.+Dyn.+Astr." style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Toshio Fukushima: <cite style="font-style:italic">A method solving kepler's equation without transcendental function evaluations</cite> (= <cite style="font-style:italic">Cel. Mech. Dyn. Astron.</cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>66</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>). 1996, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>309–319</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00049384">10.1007/BF00049384</a></span>, <a href="Bibcode" title="Bibcode">bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996CeMDA..66..309F">1996CeMDA..66..309F</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Kepler-Gleichung&rft.au=Toshio+Fukushima&rft.btitle=A+method+solving+kepler%27s+equation+without+transcendental+function+evaluations&rft.date=1996&rft.doi=10.1007%2FBF00049384&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=309-319&rft.series=Cel.+Mech.+Dyn.+Astron." style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>E. D. Charles, J. B. Tatum: <cite style="font-style:italic">The convergence of Newton-Raphson iteration with Kepler's equation</cite> (= <cite style="font-style:italic">Cel. Mech. Dyn. Astr.</cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>69</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>). 1997, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>357–372</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023/A%3A1008200607490">10.1023/A:1008200607490</a></span>, <a href="Bibcode" title="Bibcode">bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997CeMDA..69..357C">1997CeMDA..69..357C</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Kepler-Gleichung&rft.au=E.+D.+Charles%2C+J.+B.+Tatum&rft.btitle=The+convergence+of+Newton-Raphson+iteration+with+Kepler%27s+equation&rft.date=1997&rft.doi=10.1023%2FA%3A1008200607490&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=357-372&rft.series=Cel.+Mech.+Dyn.+Astr." style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Laura Stumpf: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chaotic behaviour in the newton iterative function associated with kepler's equation</cite> (= <cite style="font-style:italic">Cel. Mech. Dyn. Astr.</cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>74</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>). 1999, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>95–109</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023/A%3A1008339416143">10.1023/A:1008339416143</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Kepler-Gleichung&rft.au=Laura+Stumpf&rft.btitle=Chaotic+behaviour+in+the+newton+iterative+function+associated+with+kepler%27s+equation&rft.date=1999&rft.doi=10.1023%2FA%3A1008339416143&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=95-109&rft.series=Cel.+Mech.+Dyn.+Astr." style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>M. Palacios: <cite style="font-style:italic">Kepler equation and accelerated Newton method</cite> (= <cite style="font-style:italic">J. Comp. Appl. Math.</cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>138</span>). 2002, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>335–346</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0427%2801%2900369-7">10.1016/S0377-0427(01)00369-7</a></span>, <a href="Bibcode" title="Bibcode">bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JCoAM.138..335P">2002JCoAM.138..335P</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Kepler-Gleichung&rft.au=M.+Palacios&rft.btitle=Kepler+equation+and+accelerated+Newton+method&rft.date=2002&rft.doi=10.1016%2FS0377-0427%2801%2900369-7&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=335-346&rft.series=J.+Comp.+Appl.+Math." style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>John P. Boyd: <cite style="font-style:italic">Rootfinding for a transcendental equation without a first guess: Polynomialization of Kepler's equation through Chebyshev polynomial equation of the sine</cite> (= <cite style="font-style:italic">Appl. Num. Math.</cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>57</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>). 2007, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>12–18</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnum.2005.11.010">10.1016/j.apnum.2005.11.010</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Kepler-Gleichung&rft.au=John+P.+Boyd&rft.btitle=Rootfinding+for+a+transcendental+equation+without+a+first+guess%3A+Polynomialization+of+Kepler%27s+equation+through+Chebyshev+polynomial+equation+of+the+sine&rft.date=2007&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.apnum.2005.11.010&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=12-18&rft.series=Appl.+Num.+Math." style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li><a href="Eric_Weisstein" title="Eric Weisstein">Eric W. Weisstein</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/KeplersEquation.html"><i>Kepler's Equation</i>.</a> In: <i><a href="MathWorld" title="MathWorld">MathWorld</a></i> (englisch).</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anmerkung">Anmerkung</h2></div>
<ol class="references" data-mw-group="A">
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Als Zeitgleichung wird sowohl eine der beiden folgenden mathematischen Gleichungen, als auch ihr Wert zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt bezeichnet.
Letzteres entspricht der alten Bedeutung von „Gleichung“ als „zuzufügende Korrektur“. Bei der Zeitkorrektur ist es der der wahren Ortszeit hinzuzufügende Wert, um zur mittleren Ortszeit zu finden. Dabei ist zu beachten, dass früher die umgekehrte Differenz betrachtet wurde: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\mathrm {ZG} } =\mathrm {MOZ} -\mathrm {WOZ} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {\mathrm {ZG} } =\mathrm {MOZ} -\mathrm {WOZ} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75690713b8cf1eceae088c335bce67a52eddc7a8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:20.16ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {\mathrm {ZG} } =\mathrm {MOZ} -\mathrm {WOZ} }" loading="lazy"></span> >>> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {WOZ} +\mathrm {ZG} =\mathrm {MOZ} .}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {WOZ} +\mathrm {ZG} =\mathrm {MOZ} .}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cb8e8ae35b9f3cee4d0182c07e4b4aad968096b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:20.807ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {WOZ} +\mathrm {ZG} =\mathrm {MOZ} .}" loading="lazy"></span></span>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-WS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-WS_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-WS_1-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">T. P. Wihler und H. R. Schneebeli: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swisseduc.ch/mathematik/modelle/numerik_physik/docs/keplergesetze.pdf"><i>Von den Keplergesetzen zur Keplergleichung und zum Planetenort</i></a>, <i>2. Geometrie der Planetenbewegung: Keplergleichung</i>. «… benutzte Kepler eine normalisierte Zeit, die mittlere Anomalie».</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-SW-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-SW_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-SW_2-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-SW_2-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Siegfried Wetzel: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261891140">
/* start https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
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</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407085008/http://www.swetzel.ch/sonnenuhren/zgna/zgna1.html"><i>Die Zeitgleichung für Nicht-Astronomen.</i></a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 7. April 2014 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>) Deutsche Gesellschaft für Chronometrie, Mitteilungen Nr. 111, Herbst 2007, Anhang 3.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Jens_Eisert" title="Jens Eisert">Jens Eisert</a> (<a href="Freie_Universit%C3%A4t_Berlin" title="Freie Universität Berlin">Freie Universität Berlin</a>): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/en/einrichtungen/ag/ag-eisert/teaching/ss-21/KlassischeMechanikKapitel4.pdf">Drehimpuls, die keplerschen Gesetze und der Virialsatz</a>, S. 10. <i>Das zweite Keplersche Gesetz «… ist also nichts anderes als die Drehimpulserhaltung in einer besonderen Formulierung, …»</i></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J.-L. Lagrange, <i>Sur le problème de Kepler</i>, in <i>Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences de Berlin</i>, vol. 25, 1771, Seiten 204–233</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Colwell: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Bessel functions and Kepler's equation</cite> (= <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Amer. Math. Monthly</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>99</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>). Januar 1992, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>45–48</span> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Kepler-Gleichung&rft.au=Peter+Colwell&rft.btitle=Bessel+functions+and+Kepler%27s+equation&rft.date=1992-01&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=45-48&rft.series=Amer.+Math.+Monthly" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">§ II.6.67 Numerische Verfahren. <a href="#Literatur">Guthmann</a>, S. 128 f.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">§ II.6.66 Reihenentwicklung der exzentrischen Anomalie. <a href="#Literatur">Guthmann</a>, S. 125 ff.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Hodograph-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hodograph_8-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hodograph_8-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">§ II.5.58 Der Hodograph. Guthmann, S. 114 f.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Aufgaben-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Aufgaben_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aufgaben zu § II.5. <a href="#Literatur">Guthmann</a>, S. 122 f.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Aufgaben10-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Aufgaben10_10-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Aufgaben10_10-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">10. und 11. Aufgabe zu § II.5. Guthmann, S. 123.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Solare Basiswerte</i> und hier verwendete Formelzeichen sind dem <i>Sonnenuhren-Handbuch</i> der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Chronometrie e. V., Fachkreis Sonnenuhren entnommen: 2006, S. 43–49.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wegen der Schalttagregelung im Kalender schwanken beide Werte innerhalb der Vierjahresperiode schwach: Δt<sub>P</sub> ≈ ¾Tag, ΔM<sub>0</sub> ≈ ¾°.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Manfred Schneider: <i>Himmelsmechanik, Band II: Systemmodelle.</i> BI-Wissenschaftsverlag, 1993, ISBN 3-411-15981-2, S. 507.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dieser Zusammenhang erlaubt umgekehrt, die ekliptikale Länge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }" loading="lazy"></span> und den <a href="Fr%C3%BChlingspunkt" title="Frühlingspunkt">Frühlingspunkt</a> <b>F</b> als Bezugspunkt (sowohl für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }" loading="lazy"></span>) auf die Erdbahn zurückzuspiegeln (siehe nebenstehende Abbildung, rechts → links).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zeichen für Winkeldifferenz und Ort in nebenstehender Abbildung in Klammern gesetzt, da Winkel und Ort für den Gebrauch auf der Erdbahn nicht definiert sind.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-DGC-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DGC_17-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DGC_17-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DGC_17-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sonnenuhren-Handbuch, 3.3 Berechnung der Zeitgleichung.</i> Deutsche Gesellschaft für Chronometrie e. V., Fachkreis Sonnenuhren, 1900.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Diese „Basiswerte“ gelten für den 1. Januar 2015 12:00 UT. Ihre langsame Veränderung wird im Folgenden während des gesamten Jahres 2015 nicht beachtet. Die in dieser Zeit kumulierte Veränderung schlägt sich erst in den Jahreskonstanten 2016 nieder. Ausnahme ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{0}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {(8)} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cb55ba87b6b74d8ab19dab0d3bcca177aa5d4350.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.972ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {(8)} }" loading="lazy"></span> enthält die permanente Veränderung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8db1ab667b7327d5df3aa6f10c853cf3557acf87.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.232ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L(t)}" loading="lazy"></span>.<br>
Die Hochrechnung der Jahreskonstanten erfolgt mit den Basiswerten der Jahre 2000 bzw. 1900 wie folgt (DGC-Handbuch, S. 47):
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{0}=357{,}5256^{\circ }+35999{,}0498^{\circ }\cdot T/36525}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>357,525</mn>
<msup>
<mn>6</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>35999,049</mn>
<msup>
<mn>8</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>36525</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{0}=357{,}5256^{\circ }+35999{,}0498^{\circ }\cdot T/36525}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/506d41a12890336fac0428338deedbc047e01de4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:41.539ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{0}=357{,}5256^{\circ }+35999{,}0498^{\circ }\cdot T/36525}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J_{tr}=(365{,}24219878+6{,}16\cdot 10^{-8}\cdot J){\text{ Tage}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>365,242</mn>
<mn>19878</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>16</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>8</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext> Tage</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J_{tr}=(365{,}24219878+6{,}16\cdot 10^{-8}\cdot J){\text{ Tage}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/82616eecef1fab45dc3dd50560927f4f4c6d0189.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:43.277ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J_{tr}=(365{,}24219878+6{,}16\cdot 10^{-8}\cdot J){\text{ Tage}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J_{an}=(365{,}25964124+3{,}04\cdot 10^{-8}\cdot J){\text{ Tage}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>J</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>365,259</mn>
<mn>64124</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>04</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>8</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>J</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext> Tage</mtext>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J_{an}=(365{,}25964124+3{,}04\cdot 10^{-8}\cdot J){\text{ Tage}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/29f15d1bc55cfcee2367b61ff52a12e8cb12cf00.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:43.798ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J_{an}=(365{,}25964124+3{,}04\cdot 10^{-8}\cdot J){\text{ Tage}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e_{0}=0{,}016709-4{,}2\cdot 10^{-7}\cdot T/36525}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0,016</mn>
<mn>709</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>7</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>36525</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e_{0}=0{,}016709-4{,}2\cdot 10^{-7}\cdot T/36525}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6ba8ca2f4d44e116fe2182198c305317d1883a2b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:36.459ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e_{0}=0{,}016709-4{,}2\cdot 10^{-7}\cdot T/36525}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}=23{,}439291^{\circ }-0{,}013004^{\circ }\cdot T/36525}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>23,439</mn>
<msup>
<mn>291</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>0,013</mn>
<msup>
<mn>004</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>36525</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}=23{,}439291^{\circ }-0{,}013004^{\circ }\cdot T/36525}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9d6987cd4883dc52c71f683b41efa1e8b5047c08.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:39.206ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}=23{,}439291^{\circ }-0{,}013004^{\circ }\cdot T/36525}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{0}=282{,}9400^{\circ }+1{,}7192^{\circ }\cdot T/36525}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>282,940</mn>
<msup>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1,719</mn>
<msup>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>36525</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{0}=282{,}9400^{\circ }+1{,}7192^{\circ }\cdot T/36525}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9601736631fc389eba67ec81fd9ba817e8ff2ebd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:36.218ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{0}=282{,}9400^{\circ }+1{,}7192^{\circ }\cdot T/36525}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die Zahl der Tage seit 1. Januar 2000 12:00 UT; <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>J</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/359e4f407b49910e02c27c2f52e87a36cd74c053.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.471ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J}" loading="lazy"></span> ist die Zahl der Jahre seit 1900. Bei den Winkeln <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/909a62f3ff41169372143733d3767afe0ad3b14d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.308ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db742b8c210fc611329a4c2dcc3af4b4e1a110cb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.637ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist modulo 360° zu rechnen, und sie müssen zwischen −180° und +180° liegen.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Die Jahreskonstanten (z. B. für 2015) werden hier so bezeichnet, weil sie nur für das eine Jahr benutzt werden, auf das sie sich beziehen. Darüber hinaus gelten sie ohne bedeutsame Einbuße an Genauigkeit der Zeitgleichung auch für Termine in fernliegenden Jahren (z. B. für 2050 oder 1950). Die Zeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span> nimmt dann entsprechend hohe positive bzw. negative Werte an; das gegebene Rechenschema bleibt aber unverändert anwendbar. Bei der Bestimmung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }" loading="lazy"></span> sind die Nebenwerte des Arkustangens zu verwenden, die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E/2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E/2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e71e870f273b8e7646602bdc424979f4f253111c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.101ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E/2}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }" loading="lazy"></span> am nächsten liegen.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-L-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-L_20-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-L_20-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Dabei wird mit der ekliptikalen Länge L = L<sub>0</sub> des Perihels gerechnet, was ausreichend genau und wegen der nicht bekannten Zeit t auch nicht anders möglich ist.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Schilt-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Schilt_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinz Schilt: <i>Zur Berechnung der mittleren Zeit für Sonnenuhren.</i> Schriften der Freunde alter Uhren, 1990.</span>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="hintergrundfarbe1 rahmenfarbe1 navigation-not-searchable normdaten-typ-s" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; clear: left; margin-bottom:1em; margin-top:1em; padding: 0.25em; overflow: hidden; word-break: break-word; word-wrap: break-word;" id="normdaten">
<div style="display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%;">
<div>
Normdaten (Sachbegriff): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/107532663X">107532663X</a></span> | <a href="Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh93006016">sh93006016</a></span> </div>
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